Strategies of the North and South in the Civil War

2. Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861

3. The North v. South AIM: How did the North and the South plan to win the war?

4. 19 free states/5 slaveholding states Pop. 22 million 90% of manufacturing 20,000 m. of RR Controlled ¾ money supply Navy and Merchant Marine I. Advantages of the North

5. 11 compact states Defensive War Shorter supply lines Knew the territory Better Generals: Lee, Jackson Outdoor life Friends in aristocratic Britain and France II. Advantages of the South

6. “Anaconda Plan” Naval Blockade Divide and Conquer Gain control of the Mississippi River. Capture Richmond, VA III.Northern Strategy of the War

7. Defensive – defeat invading armies “Cotton Diplomacy” - Cotton is King!!! Cotton Embargo: Results: The cards are in our hands", proclaimed the Charleston Mercury, "and we intend to play them out to the bankruptcy of every cotton factory in Great Britain and France or the acknowledgement of our independence." The Memphis Argus told planters to "keep every bale of cotton on the plantation." IV.Southern Strategy of the War

8. V. Lincoln’s Domestic Policy • If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it: and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it: and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the coloured race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union.”

9. "Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally." Abraham Lincoln

10. A. Lincoln’s attitude toward slavery • Gradual emancipation with compensation • Hoped to suppress south and have it die out. • According to Stephen Oates • Against Republican ideals • Extension into territories and a sympathetic Sup. Ct. led to is spread • US would lose all respect in world • Lead to an aristocracy and an end of democratic system

11. Confiscation Acts of 1861 Slaves seen as “Contraband of War” Confiscation Act of 1862 -freed slaves in states in rebellion, allowed to join army B. Confiscation Acts

12. Battle of Antietam 1862 22,000 die Gen. McClellan fired Confederate loss Opportunity for Lincoln C. The Emancipation Proclamation 1863

13. D. Impact of Emancipation Proclamation • January 1st – Heartbreak Day now Jubilee Day • Reason: Military Necessity • Freed slaves in states in rebellion • Did not free slaves in border states • War had moral purpose • Increases size of union army • Sends message to Britain and France

14. Conscription Act – drafts men 20-45 $300 Exemption Fee Public Reaction Irish Gangs attacked and killed 100’s of blacks President Lincoln sends federal troops E. New York Draft Riots 1863

15. Makeup of military units • Along Ethnic Lines • 79th NY Infantry: Scotch Highland • 55th NY Infantry: French • 39th NY Infantry: Poles, Hungarians, Germans • Women in the Civil War: Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix

16. http://www.gilderlehrman.org/collection/docs_current.html#readinghttp://www.gilderlehrman.org/collection/docs_current.html#reading 3 minute-long address Defined the meaning of the Civil War Described the war as a momentous chapter in the global struggle for self-government, liberty, and equality. F. The Gettysburg Address

17. G. Lincoln and Civil Liberties

18. “Copperheads”

19. 1. Lincoln Suspends Habeas Corpus • Habeas Corpus: a person has the right to be charged with crime and given an explanation for his detention. • Article I, Sec. 9: may be suspended in times of insurrection or rebellion. • Significance:

20. 2. Martial Law - 1862 • Military Tribunals – for anyone who discouraged others from enlisting or committed a “disloyal” act • 13,000 arrested with no trial

21. 3. Ex Parte Vallandigham - 1864 • A “copperhead” critical of government wartime action • 1863- arrested for his attacks on the war • Military Tribunal – convicts and sentences him to prison • “Clearly an assault on free speech.” • Supreme Ct Decision: had no jurisdiction over the proceedings of military tribunals

22. 4. Ex Parte Milligan - 1866 • Lambdin Milligan – Order of American Knights: plot to help South and hamper Union • 1864 – charged with urging men to resist the draft and plotting overthrow the government. • Tried in a military tribunal, convicted and sentenced to hang. • Milligan: Argued civilian’s should be tried in civilian courts(6th amendment) • Government: Argued civilian courts too slow during wartime • Supreme Court decision: Martial Law and military tribunals were illegal while civil courts were open (1866)

23. 5. Significance • “If a situation were to arise again in the United States when the writ of habeas corpus were suspended, the government would probably be as ill-prepared to define the legal situation as it was in 1861. The clearest lesson is that there is no clear lesson in the Civil War – no neat precedents, no ground rules, no map. War and its effect on civil liberties remain a frightening unknown.”Frank J. Williams “A Popular Demand, and a Public Necessity” Lincoln and Civil Liberties.

24. Confederacy: Printed paper money Impact: Union Republican control of Congress – stimulated economy of the north and west VI. Financing the War

25. Morrill Tariff Act - 1861 • Homestead Act – 1862 • Morrill Land Grant Act – 1862 • The Pacific Railway Act – 1862 • National Banking System

26. A. Trent Affair – 1861 Confed. James Mason and John Slidell removed from a British ship Consequences: VII. Foreign Policy during the CW

27. Confederate purchase of “commerce raiders” Alabama- captured 60 60 union boats before being sunk US Minister Charles Francis Adams – “Laird Rams” Why? B. The Alabama Affair - 1862

28. Napoleon III Flagrant disregard of ________________ Sec. of State Seward threatens war Outcome: C. Maximillian Affair 1863-1867

29. VIII. Major Battles of the War • Antietam: • Gettysburg: • Vicksburg: • Appomattox: