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Reading #3 Challenging Jim Crow

Reading #3 Challenging Jim Crow. The 1963 March on Washington D.C. Objective… Evaluate how the Kennedy Administration responded to the challenges of the Civil Rights Movement. 1960 Civil Rights Report: Discrimination affected AAs…. 57% of housing unacceptable Life expect. 7 yrs < whites

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Reading #3 Challenging Jim Crow

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  1. Reading #3Challenging Jim Crow The 1963 March on Washington D.C.

  2. Objective…Evaluate how the Kennedy Administration responded to the challenges of the Civil Rights Movement.

  3. 1960 Civil Rights Report: Discrimination affected AAs… • 57% of housing unacceptable • Life expect. 7 yrs < whites • Infant mortality 2 X whites • Impossible to get mortgages • Property values drop when black family moved into a neighborhood

  4. The 1960 Election & CRsKennedy (Dem.) v. Nixon (Rep.) • Dr. King is arrested during a protest against segregation…Ike is idle, Nixon is silent …JFK reaches out to Mrs. King and RFK persuades the judge to allow bail. • Nixon said little about CR • JFK promised discrimination would be eliminated “with a stroke of a pen.” • JFK wins 70% of the black vote in 1960

  5. Kennedy & CRs… • JFK promises CR leaders… “minimum legislation, maximum executive actions” • Two years into his presidency CR groups mail JFK pens in protest • Is MLK a communist? • JFK & RFK help MLK when arrested in Atlanta • JFK appoints 5 AA federal judges …Including Thurgood Marshall First African American Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall

  6. Kennedy & CRs… Why was JFK delayed in responding to the demand for civil rights? JFK: Actions taken... • Pressures federal government to employ AAs • Forced Redskins to sign an AA player… Withholds use of the stadium • The Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity fights discrimination in civil service & in corporations with government contracts • Invigorates CR division of Dept. of Justice

  7. 1961: The Albany Movement • Mass non-violent protests to end segregation in Albany, GA • Organizers… SNCC, NAACP & SCLC • Mobilized thousands, but was a FAILURE. • The Albany police, avoided violent incidents that would attract national publicity…. They met non violence with non-violence • Prisoners were sent to jails all over southwest GA

  8. Freedom Rides… • WHEN?... 1961-1962 • WHO?... CORE • WHAT?... Interracial groups ride the interstate bus system • WHERE?... The deep South (ALA & MISS)

  9. Freedom Rides • WHY?... - Morgan v. Virginia… - Goal: Provoke southern authorities to arrest riders & force the Justice Dept. to enforce law… Fight Jim Crow

  10. Results of the Freedom Rides… • Extreme violence… White mobs attack & beat riders • Reveals the unwillingness of federal government to enforce laws • Personal representative of RFK almost beaten to death • Forces JFK/ RFK to act… The ICC bans segregation in all interstate travel • National exposure of southern racism.

  11. Integrating Ole MissSept. 1962 • Air Force vet James Meredith wins his case to enroll • Governor Ross Barnett denies registration of Meredith • RFK sends federal marshals • Gov. Barnett encouraged resistance • Riots: 2 killed, 169 marshals injured • JFK sends 5K troops…Meredith went to school James Meredith by Federal Marshals James Meredith - Shot during a voting rights march in June, 1966

  12. Birmingham, Alabama… • The most segregated city in the South • 40% black • 80K voters… 10K black voters • KKK stronghold... A.K.A. “Bombing-ham” • MLK’s demands Birmingham desegregate… - Protesters & fill the city jails - Boycott stores & business - Engage Eugene Connor

  13. Birmingham becomes a national media event… • Mass protests... Nationally seen on TV • Police reaction… Arrests, dogs, fire hoses & beatings • The arrest of MLK – Letter From Birmingham Jail • Children’s Crusade • Black youth becomes violent Eugene “Bull” Connor -"I want them to see the dogs work,"

  14. A police officer arrests MLK… Dr. King’s Letter From the Birmingham Jail

  15. Birmingham Children's Crusade May, 1963 • Children march & are arrested • 900 students arrested in a makeshift stadium/ jail • Bull Connor orders the use of fire hoses & dogs • Malcolm X is critical… "Real men don't put their children on the firing line.” • Helps gain support for the 1964 Civil Right Act.

  16. Birmingham – May, 1963 • Justice Dept negotiates a settlement • MLK declares victory • Connor & Gov. Wallace denounce the settlement • A KKK rally & several bombings force JFK to send 3,000 troops • The 16th Street Church is bombed… • Eventually the negotiated settlement is followed

  17. The Bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-MuWDsv5pg&feature=related

  18. The significance of Birmingham… • The nation is in shock ...White support for the movement is evolving • The CR movement is inspired • The CR movement joins the working poor with the students, professional & religious groups – “FREEDOM NOW!” • JFK endorses CR

  19. The murder of Medgar Evers…The defining moment for JFK • Vocal member of the NAACP • JFK announces his CR bill... “a moral issue” • That evening Evers is murdered ....shot in the back at his home.

  20. The March on Washington • WHAT?... A non-violent march supporting of JFK’s proposed CR bill • WHO?... SCLC, NAACP, SNCC, CORE – 250,000 people • WHERE? Washington DC • WHEN? August, 1963 *JFK is assassinated Nov. 22, 1963

  21. “I have a dream...” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUP_ISA030c&NR=1

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