Uppers, Downers & All Arounders

1. Uppers, Downers & All Arounders Chapter 8 Drug Use and Prevention From Cradle to Grave

2. PREVENTION • Prevention Goals • Reduce the Supply • Reduce the Demand • Reduce the Harm • History • Prohibition enacted in 1917 by 18th amendment and repealed in 1933 • Popular belief was that Prohibition was ineffective • However, it did reduce health problems, domestic violence, crime, and consumption • There was increased legal costs and bootlegging increased

3. PREVENTION • Scare tactics and drug information often included in drug information programs • Skill building and resiliency programs addresses the psychological roots of drug abuse by: • General competency building • Coping skills • Reinforcement of protective factors & support systems • Community-based programs are effective in getting entire neighborhoods to take responsibility for preventing substance abuse

4. PREVENTION • Public Health Model • Three factors: User, environment, drug • Prevention is designed to affect the user, environment and drug • Addiction is a disease in User • User contributes to the environment or social climate (neighborhood) • The agent or drug introduces the disease • Family Approach • Prevention approach provides the family with support, skills training and therapy along with parenting skills

5. PREVENTION METHODS • Supply Reduction • Legislative & legal Procedures • Prison • Asset Forfeiture • Prison population tripled between 1980 and 2002 to 2 million • 55% of federal inmates were sentenced for drug convictions • Outcomes 10-15% reduction, yet is deemed expensive

6. PREVENTION METHODS • Demand Reduction • Focuses on reducing demand for drugs • Primary Prevention: anticipates and prevents initial drug use • Mainly for young people • Promote abstince • Help young people to refuse drugs • Delay drug use • Encourage healthy activities • Secondary Prevention • Seeks to halt drug use once its begun • Drug diversion programs (Drug Courts) • First-time Offenders

7. PREVENTION METHODS • Tertiary prevention • Stop Further Damage from Drugs and restore abusers to health • Uses group interventions • Extinction • Family Therapy • Psychopharmacological approaches • Treatment results in 40-50% decrease in use • Saves $4 - $5 for every $1 spent • Harm Reduction • Focuses on techniques to minimize personal and social problems of drug use, rather than abstinence as a primary goal • Needle Exchange • Methadone Maintenance • Designated Driver • Controversial to zero tolerance

8. Cradle to Grave • Small towns and rural areas use more drugs than urban communities • Most significant change in drug culture is use of drugs occurring in earlier ages • Drug use in pregnancy occurs in women of all ages, ethnicities and economic backgrounds • 18.6% of infants exposed to alcohol • Fetal alcohol syndrome 3rd most common birth defect and leading cause of mental retardation in U.S. • 4.5% exposed to cocaine • 17.4% exposed to marijuana • 17.6% exposed to tobacco

9. Cradle to Grave • Youth in School • Most surveys under-represent the problem • More than ½ of juveniles arrested tested positive for alcohol and/or other drugs • Drugs and alcohol disrupt the psychological and emotional growth of children • Adolescents with physical, emotional and sexual abuse are high-risk for alcohol and drug use, abuse and dependency

10. Cradle to Grave • College Students • 80-90% on campus drink alcohol • 44% binge drink • Men binge drinkers outnumber women • Second hand drinking effects include • Assaults • Sexual assault • Unwanted sexual advances • Sleep and study time interrupted • Colleges have federal funds for prevention programs • Alcohol free dorms • Drug Policies

11. Love, Sex and Drugs • Impacts sexual behavior • Triggers sexual aggression • Sexual harassment • Date rape • General Effects include • Lower inhibitions • Enhancing performance • Increase fantasies • q

12. Love, Sex and Drugs • HIV/AIDs • 42 million people worldwide • STD’s • 333 million worldwide • Needle Transmitted Diseases • Hepatitis A, B, & C • Hepatitis C virus in 50-90% of IV drug users

13. DRUGS AT WORK • Costs • $140 billion in 1995 • $60 billion for drugs • $80 billion for alcohol • Loss of Productivity • Late for work • Absent • Medical Costs • Accidents at work • Sick leave • Legal Costs • Embezzlement • Sale of corporate secrets • Property damage during commision of crime • Increased security • More Lawsuits • Lost of consumer good will

14. DRUGS AT WORK • Employee assistance programs (EAP) • Provides counseling services, treatment and client monitoring • For every $1 spent on EAP, employer saves $5 - $16 dollars • Drugs in military • Drug testing began in 1980s • Positive result is grounds for referral to rehabilitation, or if that fails, discharge • Heavy drinking in military high than general population, 17% vs 12%

15. DRUG TESTING • Thin layer chromatography • Searches for variety of drugs • Unable to distinguish illegal from legal over the counter drugs • Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Techniques (EMIT), Radio Immunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme Immunoassay • Seeks out specific drugs • Extremely sensitive • Rapidly performed • Easy to operated • EMIT test can confuse poppy seeds for heroin or other opioids • Can confuse one of the chemicals in Advil or motrin for marijuana • Vicks inhaler can be confused for methamphetamine

16. DRUG TESTING • Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectometry Combined (GC/MS) & Gas Liquid Chromagraphy • Most accurate • Detects trace amounts of drugs through urine • Very expensive • Requires trained operators • Hair Analysis • Chemical traces of most drugs are stored in hair • Businesses and Casinos in Nevada uses it for drug screening employees