How Do We Survive?

1. How Do We Survive? Genetic Illnesses Environmental Pollution War Protists Parasites Bacteria Viruses Rotifer Thorny-Headed Worm Salmonella

2. * Website: www.BacteriaMuseum.org * * 8 - Box Notes Form * Questions to reflect on… 1. What are bacteria? How do they enter your body? 2. Bacteria Morphology – In what shapes can Bacteria be found? 3. Why are some Bacteria bad? Give examples. 4. Why are some Bacteria good? Give examples. 5. What is an Antibiotic? Why are some bacteria antibiotic resistant? • How does the U.S. government protect our food and water from bad bacteria? • Research the history of Bacteria in the Geologic record. • How do you interpret a Bacteria Colony?

3. Vocabulary to Know… • Pathogen – causes disease or illness…possibly death • Transmitted - cause something to spread from one person to another • Vaccine – a preparation containing weakened or dead microbes of the kind that cause a disease, administered to stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against that disease • Inoculated - protect somebody against disease:to inject or introduce a serum, antigen, or a weakened form of a disease-producing pathogen into the body of a person or animal in order to create immunity to the disease • Immunity - resistance to disease:a body's ability to resist a disease. Immunity may exist naturally or as a result of inoculation or previous infection. In active immunity, the body itself produces appropriate antibodies and lymphocytes, while in passive immunity, antibodies are introduced from another source, as from mother to fetus. • Quarantine is to enforced isolation, typically to contain the spread of something considered dangerous (often disease).

4. epidemic - (from Greekepi- upon + demos -people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is "expected", based on recent experience. • pandemic - (from Greekpan - all + demos - people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (example a continent), or even worldwide. • #5: • Antibiotic = ‘against a biotic organism’. Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine. Antibiotics cure disease by killing or injuring bacteria. The first antibiotic was penicillin, discovered accidentally from a mold culture. Today, over 100 different antibiotics are available to doctors to cure minor discomforts as well as life-threatening infections.Although antibiotics are useful in a wide variety of infections, it is important to realize that antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless against viral infections (for example, the common cold) and fungal infections (such as ringworm). Your doctor can best determine if an antibiotic is right for your condition. • Vaccination - A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that, when injected, stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. • Latin: vacca—cow - is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows—the relatively benign cowpox virus—which provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease

5. # 1: • They get into your body by ingestion (eating), inhalation (breathing), • injection, or through external means (mouth, nose, eyes, skin). • How to keep from getting sick at school: • Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze • Wash your hands well (ABC’s) • Don’t share food or eating utensils, straws, gum • Keep your hands away from your ‘entry points’ • Make sure the surface you are eating on has been cleaned properly. Bacteria are living things that are neither plants nor animals, but belong to a group all by themselves. They are very small--individually not more than one single cell--however there are normally millions of them together, for they can multiply really fast. Infectious Disease – A disease that makes you ill, and is contagious (you can pass it easily to another person). Microorganisms (Bacteria) invade your body and multiply. Ex. Bacteria – Salmonella, E. coli Ex. Viruses – Influenza (Flu); Rhinovirus (Cold) CDC – Center for Disease Control

6. Bacterial Information: #7 Found in fossil record more than 3.5 billion years ago (some of the first life on Earth!!) #7 First studied by Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600’s • They are smaller than both plants and animals (CellsAlive – How Big?) • Live almost everywhere on Earth, including your mouth and armpits! • Help keep nature in balance #1 They make up 2 kingdoms – Eubacteria and Archaebacteria #1 They are prokaryotic (no nucleus); There are many types (Ex. rod, sphere, spiral) • Bacterium is singular and Bacteria is plural • Some are aerobic (need oxygen) and some are anaerobic (do not need oxygen) • Most reproduce by fission (splitting into two), as often as every 20 minutes! • They can be producers, consumers, or parasites • They are living cells essential to food webs

7. Bacterial Rods # 2: Other Examples: Anthrax Rabbit Fever Salmonella

8. Bacterial Spheres Other Examples: Staph Infection Strep Throat Pneumonia

9. Other Bacteria Types: Other Examples: Lyme Disease Rat-Bite Fever Cholera

10. # 3 Why does bacteria make you sick? • So we're all swarming with bacteria, and that's generally okay.Most bacteria aren't bad. Only 1 out of 30,000 types are actually harmful. We breathe and eat and ingest gobs of bacteria every single moment of our lives. Our food is covered in bacteria. And you're breathing in bacteria all the time, and you mostly don't get sick. That's because your immune system evolved specifically to see bacteria and to do surveillance: to tell the bad guys from the good guys, and to get rid of the bad ones. And it's rare that it doesn't work.

11. Are there ‘unstoppable’ bacteria? • There are these few bacteria that have us on our hands and knees. They're so virulent and so resistant to the antibiotics that we have today. But what's made these bacteria incredibly harmful is the way we live in the 21st century. It used to be, if somebody got sick—some unfortunate person—he or she just croaked. But now you can be on a plane before you even know you're sick, and you can be around the world infecting people that afternoon. • We are living in a time of technology and travel, we are encountering bacteria we've never encountered before. But if one were alive 100 years from now, the bacteria that you would hear about would have completely different names, because we would have evolved a little bit, and the bacteria would have evolved a little bit. Think about all kinds of infectious diseases, like mumps, or measles, or chicken pox. When a new population encountered those pathogens, it ravaged the population, and now they're childhood diseases, and eventually they won't even be that. That's our relationship with bacteria, going through time.

12. Benefits of Bacteria: # 4 • Aids digestion; Produces vitamin K (Blood-Clotting Factor) • Helps to decompose (break down) dead things • Dead bacterial cells can be made into a vaccine, which helps produce antibodies, which helps build up immunity so you don’t get sick! • Can help clean pollutants from the environment – some bacteria can actually break down waste by eating it! • Many foods made either directly from or with the help of bacteria (Most harmful bacteria in food is killed by a process called Pasteurization)

13. It’s Feeding Time… • Foods made using bacteria include sour cream, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt and vinegar. • Foods made with the help of bacteria include sauerkraut, pickles, chocolate, coffee and sausage.

14. Which common household products kill bacteria? Bacterial growth is either slowed or they are killed. • Household cleaners (bleach, ammonia) kill bacteria • Antiseptics are used to slow bacterial growth (mouthwashes, antibacterial soaps)

15. How are we protected from Bacteria? # 6 FOOD WATER

16. Cool Websites… • http://www.kathimitchell.com/cells.html • www.cellsalive.com...’How Big’ (on left side) • http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/C02.html • www.virology.net • www.bacteriamuseum.org/niches/foodsafety/goodfood.shtml • http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/vweb.html • http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/ • http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/bacteriacell.html • http://chansen.parcom.net/assignments.htm#bv