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Personality

Personality. Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness. Personality Traits Dispositions and dimensions The Five-Factor Model Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness. Psychodynamic Perspectives. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

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Personality

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  1. Personality

  2. Defining Personality:Consistency and Distinctiveness • Personality Traits • Dispositions and dimensions • The Five-Factor Model • Extraversion • Neuroticism • Openness to experience • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness

  3. Psychodynamic Perspectives • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory • Structure of personality • Id - Pleasure principle (sex and violence) • Superego – Morality, societal rules • Ego - Reality principle • Balances conflict between id and superego • Levels of awareness • Conscious: What one is currently aware of • Unconscious: What one is unaware of and cannot access • Preconscious: What one is unaware of but CAN access

  4. Psychodynamic Perspectives • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory • Conflict between id and superego results in • Anxiety • Overcome by defense mechanisms • Repression (forget about it) • Regression (“but daddy, I love you!) • Rationalization (“eh, I have my justifications”) • Projection (“Why do you hate me so much?!” [when it’s you who hates yourself]) • Displacement (don’t hit your child, hit a pillow) • Reaction formation (“I am gay, so I will say that I hate gay people!”) • Sublimation (Feel like engaging in a high-risk sexual episode? Draw a picture instead!)

  5. Freud on Development:Psychosexual Stages • Psychosexual stages • Oral (birth) Pleasure is derived from sucking • Anal (2-3 years) Pleasure is derived from defecation through the anus • Anal retentive and Anal expulsive • Phallic (3-6 years) – Pleasure moves to the genital regions • Oedipus Complex and Penis Envy • Latency (6-11 years) – Focus on developing social relationships • Genital (12 years onward) Focus • Fixation = Excessive gratification or frustration

  6. Other Psychodynamic Theorists • Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology • Two types of unconsciousness • Personal • Collective • Archetypes • Animus • Anima • Introversion/Extroversion

  7. Figure 12.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious

  8. Alfred Adler • People strive for superiority • Compensation: Works to overcome inferiority • Inferiority complex/overcompensation • Birth order • First born: natural leader, resentful of second born • Second born: Strives to be like first born • Third born: Spoiled

  9. Karen Horney • Tyranny of the shoulds • Three ways to deal with conflict • Work with others • Work against others • Work away from others

  10. Behavioral Perspectives • Skinner’s views • Conditioning and response tendencies • Environmental determinism • Bandura’s views • Social leaning theory • Reciprocal determinism • Observational learning • Models • Self-efficacy • Mischel’s views • The person-situation controversy

  11. Humanistic Perspectives • Carl Rogers • Person Centered Theory • Self-concept • Conditional/unconditional positive regard • Incongruence and anxiety

  12. Figure 12.9 Rogers’s view of personality structure

  13. Abraham Maslow • Abraham Maslow • Self-actualization theory • Hierarchy of needs • The healthy personality

  14. Figure 12.11 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

  15. Biological Perspectives • Eysenk’s theory • 3 higher order traits • Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism • Determined by genes

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