Understanding Culture, Socialization, and Social Control in Society

1. ? Compulsory Core (Culture & Socialisation / Research Methods) (60 marks) *Spend 50 minutes on this section Mass Media (40 marks) *Spend 40 minutes on this section Unit 1 (100 marks) ? www.LearnSomeStuff.com

2. Tips for success • Learn the key words on the specification as you will be tested on their meanings • Learn the key sociological methods as you will be tested on these. • Use examples, when required, marks are awarded for these.

3. The ‘Building Blocks’ of Sociology • ‘Culture’ • ‘Socialisation’ & ‘Social Control’ • ‘Nature/Nurture’ • Research Methods www.LearnSomeStuff.com

4. INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY WHAT LINKS THESE TWO THINGS TOGETHER? TERM USED BY SOCIOLOGISTS TO DESCRIBE THE SHARED WAY OF LIFE WHICH BINDS INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER INTO A SOCIETY CORE FOCUS OF SOCIOLOGY CULTURE BUT… www.LearnSomeStuff.com

5. VALUES NORMS Set of beliefs governing what a social group holds worthwhile and important e.g. privacy, politeness. A set of guidelines which define appropriate and inappropriate behaviour e.g. conversation codes, e.g. ‘the no name rule’, ‘the long goodbye rule’ KEY COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

6. MAINSTREAM CULTURE SUBCULTURE SUBCULTURE SUBCULTURE A form of culture which exists within the mainstream, but which has its own distinct norms, values, roles, customs, language, etc. CULTURE OR CULTURES? www.LearnSomeStuff.com

7. ? What is Culture? What Constitutes Culture? RECAP ?

8. Ok, so Individuals and Society are bound together by Culture….so how do we learn about Culture? www.LearnSomeStuff.com

9. FIRST FOCUS….. The processes by which individuals are taught, learn and internalise the culture of their society. SOCIALISATION

10. Primary agency of socialisation • Families are important in the process of primary socialisation of children. Through interaction within their families, children are helped to acquire language, cultural norms, values and customs. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

11. Gender • Gender is social. It is the expected behaviour for your sex and people are taught gender roles • Families often socialise their sons and daughters differently so children develop a gender identity – they come to see themselves as masculine or feminine. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

12. Secondary Socialisation • Schools are important in the process of secondary socialisation. • Schools have rules, dress code, be on time, respect authority • You are expected to conform to the rules • This process is known as the Hidden Curriculum. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

13. SECOND FOCUS… The processes by which society ensures that people conform to its culture, and the mechanisms by which it deals with deviance. SOCIAL CONTROL

14. TWO FORMS FORMAL INFORMAL Can be expressed through norms and customs – good in small group setting. Excluding or ridiculing from group Official means of dealing with deviance – usually focused on prescribed rules. Unofficial means of deviance control – usually dealing with “unwritten” rules Prescribed by law , police, prisons SOCIAL CONTROL

15. Social Control • ‘Social control’ is how we are taught to stick to the rules that apply in our culture; it is partof the socialisation process. • It describes the pressures placed directly and indirectly on people to conform to the values and practices of a society. • We learn to stick to rules by receiving positive and negative sanctions.

16. Social Control • Positive sanctions are rewards for behaving in socially acceptable ways; e.g. pay rise, receive a present etc. • Negative sanctions are punishments for behaving in unacceptable ways. e.g. being fined/banned, going to prison

17. ? Human behaviour is patterned by… CULTURE Social order is maintained by.. INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY SOCIALISATION SOCIAL CONTROL RECAP TODAY ?

18. Park Sociology GCSE Twitter Feed • https://twitter.com/ParkSocGCSE www.LearnSomeStuff.com

19. TERM USED BY SOCIOLOGISTS TO DESCRIBE THE SHARED WAY OF LIFE WHICH BINDS INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER INTO A SOCIETY Elements of culture: • Family • Language • Forms of government • Religion • Customs and Traditions www.LearnSomeStuff.com

20. NATURE vs. NURTURE Theorists tend to explain behaviour in terms of one of two factors Genetics/sex – biological differences, e.g. are you male or female Socialisation, learning your gender role, masculinity and femininity NATURE NURTURE THIS LESSON www.LearnSomeStuff.com

21. NURTURE NATURE Intelligence is largely inherited Intelligence is largely learned Brain scanning has suggested a neurophysical basis to aggressive tendencies Poor parenting styles leads to deviant behaviour Gender roles are socially constructed, masculinity and femininity We are born male or female www.LearnSomeStuff.com

22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mvZ4EbPbME&sns=tw www.LearnSomeStuff.com

23. Evidence against ‘nature explanations’ • Social roles (e.g. gender roles) vary a great deal between cultures • Social roles have changed throughout history • Human behaviour is too complex to be reduced to either nature or nurture www.LearnSomeStuff.com

24. Social roles (e.g. gender roles) vary a great deal between cultures • According to the anthropologist, Margaret Mead, women among the Tchambul tribe have shaved heads and they wear few clothes or ornaments. The women control society. • Tchambuli men spend a lot of time looking after their appearance and curl their hair. They wear shells, fur and feathers. They compete with each other to get attention from their women for their good looks and their ability to play musical instruments. The men spend time dancing, painting and carving. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

25. Research Methods Revisited! www.LearnSomeStuff.com

26. We generally categorise these methods according to two dimensions Dimension One Data generated “first hand” by the sociologist, observations, surveys, interviews Using “second hand” data, which already exists, official stats, reports, historical documents PRIMARY SECONDARY TYPES OF RESEARCH METHOD www.LearnSomeStuff.com

27. We generally categorise these methods according to two dimensions Dimension Two Methods which generates numerical information Methods which generate rich, in-depth data QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE TYPES OF RESEARCH METHOD

28. Triangulation: When both quantitative and qualitative join forces! Sociologists may choose to use more than one type of research methods. This is sometimes called, “triangulation” or ”multiple methods” and illustrates how sociologists may try to find different sorts of evidence to make their research stronger. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

29. 1. Introduction to Social Research Three key research criteria: Reliability. Validity. Representativeness. video 2 video 3 video 1

30. Reliability: Whether the research can be repeated easily or not. It is important in that a method would get the same results if repeated by another sociologist. So if I conducted a questionnaire I would expect another sociologist to get the same results if they were to do the same. Validity: Whether a piece of research gives an accurate picture of the subject being studied. In basic language it means how true the research is. Ideally, it should give an insight into the meanings and values of those being studied. Representativeness Does the sample provide a good cross-section of society? For example, would conducting a piece of research about the attitude of young people to ethnic minorities be representative if it was conducted at Sussex Downs College. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

31. Practice Paper 2012: Section A: Questions revisited www.LearnSomeStuff.com

32. Identify and explain the meaning of the term gender. [2] • Gender is the socially expected behaviour for your sex and people are taught gender roles through socialisation. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

33. What is the meaning of the term culture? [1] • The shared way of life which binds people together into a society www.LearnSomeStuff.com

34. Identify and explain one element of culture that all societies share. [3] • Culture defines accepted ways of behaving for members of a particular society. Societies work or function because each individual member of that society plays particular roles and each role carries a status and norms which are informed by the values and beliefs of the culture of that society. Values and norms vary from society to society, however every society has certain common problems to deal with for example caring for children or the elderly. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

35. Explain, with an example, one way in which children may be taught their cultural traditions by their families. [2] • Children are taught their cultural traditions by their families through the process of socialisation. These are then accepted as norms and internalised. For example parents teach their children about Father Christmas and to celebrate their birthday. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

36. Identify and explain one problem that a researcher might experience with your chosen method of investigating traditional weddings. • One problem with interviewing is that it is time consuming. People also may not tell the truth to the interviewer in order to impress them, this would affect the validity of the results. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

37. Be careful here…100,000 not 100, always read the chart labels!! www.LearnSomeStuff.com

38. 1,000 – thousand • 10,000 – ten thousand • 100,000- one hundred thousand • 1,000 000 – one million! www.LearnSomeStuff.com

39. With an example, explain the meaning of the term role model. [2] • Role models are people who you look up to and are inspired by, for example a professional footballer could be a role model to a young boy or girl because they are good at what they do and have succeeded in their profession. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

40. Explain one reason why schools are an important part of the socialisation of children. • Schools are important in secondary socialisation as they teach children the necessary skills for life. Through the hidden curriculum children learn from teachers how to dress, respect authority and how to behave appropriately with those around them. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

41. Identify and explain two problems that a researcher may have when researching children’s attitudes towards school. • (You may wish to use the following terms to help: reliability, validity, ethics and representativeness). [6] • Problem 1 • Reliability could be an issue as it would be very difficult to repeat the research. If another researcher was to go back to the school could they repeat it? Probably not as it would be very difficult to find the same students. Also practicality features here…it would be really difficult to conduct the research as it might disrupt lessons. In a busy school, finding the time to speak to pupils might be difficult. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

42. Problem 2 • Validity would also be a problem. Children may well feel that they would get into trouble if they say anything bad about the school. They may well lie and tell the researcher what they think the researcher wants to here, so this would affect the validity of data. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

43. Explain why sociologists sometimes use more than one method in their research. • Sociologists use triangulation in order to validate data. By using different research methods it is possible to compare and contrast data which will make it more reliable. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

44. What are the mass media? [1] • Mass media refers to forms of communication which reaches a large amount of people - includes TV, radio, newspapers www.LearnSomeStuff.com

45. Using an example, fully explain the meaning of socialisation. • Socialisation is how an individual learns the norms and values of their culture, for example boys and girls learning gender roles through the toys that they play with. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

46. Fully explain, with an example, how children may learn one norm from television programmes. [4] • The media is a powerful agency of socialisation and plays a role in transmitting gender norms to children through advertising and programmes. For example girls learn gender norms from things like Disney films. In these films, there is a gender stereotype of how girls should behave. As a woman, you can either be a princess awaiting her prince or an evil stepmother/witch; as a man, you get all the action! www.LearnSomeStuff.com

47. Fully explain two reasons why children may be more easily socialised by the media than adults. • Children may be more easily socialised by the media than adults as they are less likely to be critical of what they see. Children have not learnt the norms and values of society in order to ‘filter’ the information that is being presented to them. Because of this, children are more likely to be socialised by the media. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

48. Another reason is due to the fact that the media is becoming a central part in children’s everyday life. The mass media, including TV, the internet (Facebook, etc.), magazines and books, are an important part of secondary socialisation and children are exposed to and consume more media at an early age. www.LearnSomeStuff.com

49. Explain the meaning of the term anthropologist. [1] • An anthropologist is a person who studies people and culture www.LearnSomeStuff.com

50. Explain one difference between the Tchambuli society and UK society • In the UK women are expected to worry about their appearance in order to attract men. However, amongst the Tchambuli, the men are more concerned with this particular activity www.LearnSomeStuff.com