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Vietnam War

Vietnam War. EISENHOWER, KENNEDY, JOHNSON, NIXON 1954-1973. For AP CHANGE this into a Q&A format !!!! Create a Tedition Make these notes more similar to the musical shortened VERSION!!!. ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR. Moving Toward Conflict. TRUMAN. 1945-1953. FRENCH INDOCHINA. 1.

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Vietnam War

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  1. Vietnam War EISENHOWER, KENNEDY, JOHNSON, NIXON 1954-1973

  2. For AP CHANGE this into a Q&A format !!!! Create a Tedition Make these notes more similar to the musical shortened VERSION!!!

  3. ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR Moving Toward Conflict

  4. TRUMAN 1945-1953

  5. FRENCH INDOCHINA 1

  6. FRENCH INDOCHINA • French Indochina = Vietnam, Laos , Cambodia • Chinese Colony • French Colony 1893-1954 • Japanese Occupation during WWII • DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE = Nationalism

  7. Ho Chi Minh 1

  8. Ho Chi Minh • NATIONALIST • Opposed French and US dominance in Vietnam since World War I • Communist • Became communist while living in Europe (France) • Communism as Anti-Imperialistic appealed • Vietnamese Hero • Organized & led a communist-dominated independence movement in Vietnam after WWII • Won wide support of Vietnamese people • Opposed French and US dominance in Vietnam

  9. First Indochina War 1

  10. 1946-1954: First Indochina War • War for Independence • After WWII = Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam independent & himself president • Vietnamese Nationalists led by Ho Chi Minhagainst the French • resulted from the French decision to move back into Vietnam after World War II • French occupied coast and major cities • drove revolutionaries out of Saigon • Vietnamese forces occupied northern mountains • North Vietnam and South Vietnam differed from one another in that the North was extremely nationalistic , while the South was much less so

  11. EISENHOWER 1953-1960

  12. Battle of Dien Bein Phu 1954

  13. 1954- Battle of Dien Bein Phu • FRENCH DEFEAT • Climactic battle of First Indochina War • Vietnamese forces besieged & overran French outpost in northwestern Vietnam • French public tired of war & saw this battle as a humiliating defeat • French withdraw from Indochina

  14. GENEVA ACCORDS 1954

  15. 1954: Geneva Conference • 1954 Peace Agreement = Ended FIRST INDOCHINA WAR • CREATED two Vietnams • called for the two Vietnams to hold national elections within two years • Signed by reps from Europe, Asia, & US • Terms of agreement • divided at 17th parallel • Soviet backed NORTH VIETNAM = HANOI = HO CHI MINH • U.S. backed SOUTH VIETNAM = SAIGON = NGO DINH DIEM • Reunification election scheduled for 1956 • Hold elections in 1956 to unite Vietnam chosen by popular vote

  16. Results of GENEVA ACCORDS • U.S. began expanded presence in Vietnam • US involvement in Vietnam based on the Domino Theory

  17. DOMINO THEORY 1

  18. DOMINO THEORY • Belief held by many American policymakers during Cold War • If Vietnam becomes communist , neighboring nations would also fall (like dominoes) = communism spread throughout Asia

  19. Eisenhower & Vietnam • Domino Theory = contain communism in Vietnam • Installed a anti-communist leader (Diem) in power in South Vietnam • Extended official protection to South Vietnam by creating SEATO = South East Asia Treaty Organization • Sent military equipment & a few hundred advisors

  20. Ngo Dinh Diem 1

  21. Ngo Dinh Diem • 1st President of South Vietnam • Anti-communist aided by US • w/US support • Refused to sign Geneva Accords • Held rigged election in 1955 only in S. Vietnam • Declared S. Vietnam independent nation • Launched violent campaign ag. Vietcong • un-democratic actions sparked renewed independence movement

  22. Second Indochina War Civil War in South Vietnam against US backed President Diem

  23. VIETCONG 1

  24. VIETCONG • Vietnamese Communists in South Vietnam who opposed Diem’s rule • Short for Viet-nam Cong-san, or Vietnamese communists • Originally a derogatory term like “commies” • VC = Term commonly used by US forces • South Vietnamese guerrillas who attacked their own government

  25. National Liberation Front (NLF) 1

  26. National Liberation Front (NLF) • Opposition movement in South Vietnam • Sparked by Diem’s campaign ag. Vietcong • Goals • Overthrowing puppet regime of South • Liberating nation from foreign domination • Reunify Vietnam • Creating a more equal society • Aided by North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh, Vietminh ,NVA)

  27. ARVN 2

  28. ARVN • Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) • Formed by US in 1955 • Used by Diem & US to combat communist insurgents (Vietcong) in the South

  29. Show Heaven & Earth VIDEO CLIP

  30. KENNEDY 1960-1963

  31. KENNEDY & VIETNAM • 1961 - JFK increased military advisors from 700 to 15,000 • Diem became very unpopular • launched attacks on the country’s Buddhists • Repressed country peasants, • favored urban , Catholic minority • Buddhist Monk Suicide Protests • 1963 - JFK approved a coup • Diem assassinated • Increased political instability , growth of NLF, resistance

  32. Read excerpt from Buddhist protest with next slide of picture

  33. JOHNSON 1963-1969

  34. TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION 1

  35. 1964TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION • US Congress • permitted President to “take all measures necessary” to protect American forces & prevent further aggression in SE Asia • authorized escalation of conflict • Gave LBJ Blank check to wage undeclared war • LBJ portrayed incident as an act of aggression • N. Vietnamese gunboats fired on the destroyer USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin • Controversy over whether US provoked the attack • Ordered air strikes against N. Vietnam • Spoke on TV to gain approval from US public

  36. 1964TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION • The American commitment in Vietnam increased substantially when • President Johnson asked for • and Congress • approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Escalation of the Vietnam War in the 1960s included • American soldiers began playing an active combat role • American planes began bombing targets in North Vietnam • American forces began increasing rapidly in number

  37. 2001Authorization for the Use of Military Force • On September 18, 2001, one week after the 9/11 attacks, Congress passed the Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF), authorizing the President: • To use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001…

  38. War Powers Act 5

  39. 1973 : War Powers Act • required the president to report to Congress any commitment of American troops • Limits president’s war-making powers • Inform Congress within 48 hours of sending forces into hostile areas • Bring back forces within 90 days unless Congress authorizes longer action or declares war • Direct result of govt dishonesty & lack of success in Vietnam

  40. War Powers Act of 1973 • (Public Law 93-148) limits the power of the President of the United States to wage war without the approval of Congress. • requires the President to consult with Congress prior to the start of any hostilities as well as regularly until U.S. armed forces are no longer engaged in hostilities (Sec. 3); • to remove U.S. armed forces from hostilities if Congress has not declared war or passed a resolution authorizing the use of force within 60 days (Sec. 5(b)). • Following an official request by the President to Congress, the time limit can be extended by an additional 30 days (presumably when "unavoidable military necessity" requires additional action for a safe withdrawal).

  41. Guerilla Warfare & American Strategy U.S. Involvement and Escalation

  42. Johnson & Vietnam • Didn’t want to be the 1st US President to lose a war (Vietnam to communists = lost war) • Used strategy of limited war= No nukes; no invasion of N.Vietnam • 1965- surprise attack on US base at Pleiku • LBJ ordered first sustained bombing of N.Vietnam = Operation Rolling Thunder • deployed 3,500 marines to Vietnam • LBJ steadily escalated conflict into a war • Over ½ million troops by 1968 + intense bombing

  43. Robert McNamara 2

  44. Robert McNamara • Secretary of Defense for JFK & LBJ administrations • Anti-communist • Key supporter of involvement in Vietnam • Encouraged LBJ to escalate conflict in 1965 • 1966 opposes further escalation • Later resigns

  45. William Westmoreland 2

  46. William Westmoreland • Commander of US forces in Vietnam during the 1960s • Thought ARVN incapable of defeating Vietcong • Urged for more US troops & full combat operations • 1967 = announced in US that war was being won

  47. Guerilla warfare 2

  48. Guerilla warfare • Method of fighting often used by Vietnamese troops • Lack powerful weapons = avoid open combat • Emphasized hit-and-run tactics that caused steady casualties , wore down enemy & public support • Ambushes , booby traps , sniping , sabotage • Guerilla soldiers aided by & hid among civilians • Elusive Enemy • Guerilla soldiers aided by & hid among civilians • Tunnel system

  49. Ho Chi Minh Trail 1

  50. Ho Chi Minh Trail • Supply route through highlands of eastern Laos & Cambodia • Built / used by NVA (North Vietnamese Army) to supply Vietcong with soldiers , weapons, ammo , food , etc. • Footpath at first; later much was paved • US repeatedly bombed but Vietnamese kept repairing • Concluded that couldn’t stop traffic

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