The Rise of Christianity: From Expansion to Transformation

1. Chapter 10 The Rise of Christianity 1

2. Today's Agenda Learning Target: I can understand how the Christian Religion expanded across Europe and eventually transformed from a unorganized religion to the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodoxy Church • Collaborative Group Activity Cornell Notes (20 – 30 Minutes) • > Section 2 • L/D Chapter 10 Section 2 (20 – 30 Minutes)

3. Did You Know... Note Taking Did you know that when you take notes, you remember more than three-fourths of the information you recorded? That is why it is important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading.

4. Section I – The Jews and the Romans • Chapter 3: Kings David and Solomon united Israel, Capital: Jersusalem • Later Israel was divided into 2 Kingdoms: Israel and Judah • Judah's name changed into Judaea by Emperor Augustus in 6 CE • Replaced Jewish Kings to Roman Procurators (Governors) • Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures • Refusal to recognize state gods 4

5. Section I – The Jews and the Romans • Zealot → a member of a radical patriotic group of Jews in Judaea who advocated the overthrow of Roman Rule. • Zealots rebelled in 66 CE • Romans crushed the Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars (66 – 70 CE) • Jews rebelled again in 132 CE and are crushed • Punishment: Romans forced Jews to leave Jerusalem • 700 CE: Jews set up different communities in Europe and Central Asia 5

6. Section I – The Life of Jesus • Jews believed that God would send a Messiah, or promised and expected deliver of the Jewish people • Jesus of Nazareth → Jewish teacher who traveled through Judaea and Galilee • Moral code, reputation of miracle-working • Assembled a small group of followers called disciples • Sermon on the Mount → a discourse delivered by Jesus to the disciples and others, containg important fundementals of Christan Teaching • Jesus used Parables; a short story designed to illustrate or teach some truth, religious principle, or moral lesson • The Prodigal Son • The Good Samaratan 6

7. The Parable of the Good Samaritan Jesus giving his famous “Sermon on the Mount”

8. Section I – The Life of Jesus • Jesus celebrates Passover with his disciples called the “Last Supper” in 33 CE • Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify, to put to death by nailing or binding the hands and feet to a cross, Jesus for treason • Jesus was betrayed by which disciple? • What is Treason? • Jesus' followers believe in Jesus resurrection, or rising from the dead • They founded a new religion called Christianity 8

9. The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinici's painting “The Last Supper”

10. Section I – The First Christains • Jesus' title changed to Christ from the Greek word Christos meaning “Messiah” • Teachings recorded in New Testament • Followers of Jesus teachings are called Christains • Apostles, any of the early followers of Jesus who spread the Christain message into the world, helped establish churches • Peter and Paul most important • Simon Peter, an original disciple of Jesus, spread his message in Rome and according to Christain tradition he established the Roman Catholic Church 10

11. Section I – The First Christains • Paul (Saul) of Tarsus was at first against Christianity and then converted after he saw the “Light” • Paul traveled widely throughout the Roman Empire and founded churches around the Mediterranean • Christains and Jews have different beliefs • Christains believe that Jesus is the Messiah and Son of God • Belief in salvation, to be saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven, by accepting Jesus • Belief in the Trinity or one God who exists as three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. 11

12. Spread of Christianity A.D. 325

13. Section II – A Growing Faith • Christianty spread throughout Rome • Appealed to the Urban poor and women → gave hope for change and new roles for women • Christain ideas were familiar to many Romans • Gave people an opportunity to give charity to others • Roman Government began persecuting Christians • Emperor Nero accused Christians of starting the “Great Fire of Rome” • Christianity became illegal • Martyrs → a person who willingly suffers death rather than renounce his or her beliefs/religion • Diocletian was the last Emperor to carry out Christain persecutions 13

14. Section II – Diocletian and Constantine • Chapter 9 • Diocletian divided empire into 2 administrative districts • Civil War follows after Diocletian's death and Constantine emerges victorious • 312 CE → Constantine converts to Christianity • “Hoc signum in vos vincetis” → Latin: “In this sign you will conquer” • 313 CE → Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which allowed Christians to practice their relligion openly in the Roman Empire • With help of his mother Helena, Constantine built churches in Rome and Jerusalem • 392 CE → Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire 14

15. Section II – The Early Church • A Hiearchy, an organized body of ecclesiastical officials, in successive ranks or orders, was established by the Romans • The Clergy (Cleric) are leaders of the Church and had different roles from the Latiy or regular church members • Women were not allowed to be members of the Clergy • Local Church Clerics later became to be called priests • Several churches formed a diocese, which is an ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop • Some bishops were in charge of entire regions and were called archbiships • The 5 leading archbishops were called patriarchs 15

17. Section II – The Early Church • A Doctrine, a church teaching, was created by bishop meetings that discussed the Christian faith • The Christian Texts (New Testement) + Jewish Hebrew Scriptures (The Old Testement) = The Christian Bible (Christian Holy Book) • Jesus' teachings are recorded as the New Testement • These writings were written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John and it came to be called a “gospel” • Saint Augustine, a Bishop in North Africa, influenced early Christianity and defended Christianity in his writings • The City of God – History book written from a Christian viewpoint • Confessons 17

18. Section II – The Early Church • The Bishop of Rome • Patriarch of the West • Began claiming power over other Bishops • Believed to have the authority of Peter • Diocese was in Rome, the Empire's capital • 600 CE → The Bishop of Rome gained the title of “Pope” • The Latin speaking Christians accepted this and their Churches became known as the Roman Catholic Church • This causes disputes between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches 18

19. Section III – The Byzantine Church • The Greek-speaking Christians in the East developed their own form of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church or the Greek Orthodox Church • The Byzantine Empire believed in the theory in Caesarpapism, is when the possession of the supreme authority over church and state is controlled by one person, often a secular (Non-Church) ruler • The Byzantine Emperor was the leader of the Byzantine Church and appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople, who was the religious church leader of the Byzantine Church • The Byzantine Church argued over the use of icons, images of Jesus, Mary, the saints, or other Christian holy people • Emperor Leo III ordered all icons to be removed from Churches, and iconoclasts carried out this order 19

20. Section III – The Byzantine Church • Eastern Church members opposed the pope's claim as head of all Christian churches • Church • Byzantine: Greek • Roman: Latin • Conflicts over hierarchiacal control • Germanic peoples establish their own states (Vandals, Visigoths, Franks, Anglo-Saxons, etc...) • Roman Pope Leo III crowned Charlemange Holy Roman Emperor, this challenged Byzantine authoruty • Western Church Leader (Pope) appointed the Emperor and the Byzantine Emperor apponted the Eastern Church Leader (Patriarch) 20

21. Section III – The Great Schism • Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction • 1054 CE Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of Rome excommunicate each other • Schism → a formal division within, or seperation from, a church or religious body over some doctrinal difference • East: Orthodox Church • West: Roman Catholic 21

22. Spread of Christianity A.D. 325–1100

23. The spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE

24. Section III – Christian Ideas Spread • Christianity helped people achieve order after the fall of Rome • Religious men called Monks came together and formed communities called Monasteries • Religious Women became Nuns and formed Religious communites called convents • Paula gave up her wealth to build churches, hospitals, and a convent in Palestine • She also helped translate the Bible into Latin • Basil created rules for monks and nuns called the Basilian Rule, these rules became the model for monastaries and convents in the East • Benedict wrote another set of rules called the Benedictine Rule, which became the model for monastaries and convents in the West 24

25. Section III – Missionaries • Missionaries are people who teach their religion to those who do not believe • Cyril (Byzantine) was a missionary who created the Cyrillic alphabet to aid the Slavic people in understanding the Bible in 863 CE • Anglos and Saxons invaded Britain and united to form the Anglo-Saxons • The Celts, who lived in Britain before the invasion of the Anglos and Saxons, fled to Ireland • Patrick was a priest who brought Christianity to Ireland • Pope Gregory I sent 40 monks to spread Christianity in England • Ethelbert of Kent contributed to the building of a church in Canterbury, which today is still an importnant center of Christianity 25