Henri Matisse , The Dessert: Harmony in Red, 1908, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

1. Understanding Art Criticism Art criticism is studying, understanding, and judging works of art. Henri Matisse, The Dessert: Harmony in Red, 1908, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

2. Solving art mysteries is one of the jobs that art critics set out to accomplish. • What if you don’t know what an artwork is communicating? • How can you figure it out? • Following the steps of art criticism can help you discover lots of clues to really understand and appreciate a work of art.

3. The Steps of Art Criticism • In each step of art criticism, you are answering a different question. The four steps of art criticism are: • Description: What do I see? • Analysis: How is the work organized? • Interpretation: What is the artist trying to communicate? • Judgment: Is this a successful work of art?

4. Description Look at the work of art here: What do you see?

5. Red room Wall paper Chairs, wooden, cane seat Table, table cloth Woman Fruit & wine Cut flowers in vase Window Landscape Trees, bushes, flowers, building Colors- red, blue,green, yellow, white, black

6. Analysis Look again at the painting by Henri Matisse How is the work arranged? Break down the painting into its composition, or the way the art principles are used to organize the art elements.

7. ELEMENTS OF ART/DESIGN • Color= • Line= • Shape= • Form= • Space= • Texture=

8. ELEMENTS OF ART/DESIGN • Color=red- jarring color blue, yellow, green, black, white • Line=straight-outline table, chairs / curvy- flower pattern • Shape=geometric / organic • Form= flattened • Space=crowded space, flattened plane • Texture=patterns

9. PRINCIPLES OF ART/DESIGN • Unity= • Balance= • Contrast= • Emphasis= • Movement= • Rhythm= • Proportion=

10. PRINCIPLES OF ART/DESIGN • Unity= color, shape & line • Balance= woman-chair, room- window • Contrast= red-green, black-white pattern-solid, curve-straight • Emphasis= woman arranging fruit • Movement= diagional bottom right to top left, curved lines of pattern & trees • Rhythm= repeated- curved pattern (wall paper, cloth, trees), dots of color (lemons/flowers) • Proportion= large with small square

11. Interpretation What do you think Matisse is trying to communicate? Give your opinion based on the clues you have collected. What ideas, moods, emotions, and stories do you think the artwork communicates?

12. In Matisse's Harmony in Red (Red Room) 1908-9, red is the predominant color in the painting. How does the predominant redness make you feel?

13. The color red usually makes one feel warmth because it is associated with the sun and fire, but also because the color red has a physiological affect that excites and stimulates. More energy is reflected from warm colors than from the cooler ones. "Warm" colors - red, yellow and orange - traditionally are thought to evoke feelings of heat, whether psychological or real.

14. Artists understand the power of color in affecting the viewer's feelings. Throughout art history, artists have used color to convey and heighten the emotional content of a painting. In the early twentieth century, artists began to focus on color as a direct translation of their feelings, and to use color as an emotional force. This group of artists was called the Fauves (or the wild beasts in French) and they included Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Maurice de Vlaminck (1876-1958), and Andre Derain (1880-1954.)

15. Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905–1907, and had three exhibitions.

16. How would you feel about the painting if it was mostly green? Or overwhelmingly blue instead of red? This painting went through three successive stages. First it was green, then blue, after it hung at the Salond'Automne in 1908. It was finally delivered in scarlet to the Russian collector Shchukin to decorate his dining room. Did you know that the color red in many restaurants is there only to make customers hungry, and to encourage them to order more than they normally would. Red walls and décor also cause people to eat faster, since the color increases our normal levels of energy.

17. What affect did the final location for the painting (Shchukin dining room) have on Matisse’s color and subject choice?

18. Matisse also limits his perspective in this work. He makes breaks in the line around the table, frames the chair, the window, and the little house in an innovative manner by cutting them off, and encloses two of the planes, the green and the blue in a window.

19. Judgment Do you think this work is successful? Why or why not? What reasons can you give for your idea of why this is a good or bad artwork?

20. The Dessert: Harmony in Red is a painting by French artist Henri Matisse, from 1908. It is considered by some critics to be Matisse's masterpiece. It is an example of Impressionism's lack of a central focal point. The painting was ordered as "Harmony in Blue," but Matisse was dissatisfied with the result, and so he painted it over with his preferred red.

21. Now look at the painting by Marc Chagall called Paris Through the Window and answer each of the art criticism questions on your own: Description: What do I see?Analysis: How are elements and principles of art used?Interpretation: What is the artist trying to communicate?Judgment: Is this a successful work of art?

22. Description: What do I see?

23. Analysis: How are elements and principles of art used?

24. Interpretation: What is the artist trying to communicate?

25. Judgment: Is this a successful work of art?

26. TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING! Look at the painting by Marc Chagall called Paris Through the Window, 1913 and choose the Art Criticism step that each statement belongs in.

27. 1. This painting was painted with oil paints on canvas. a. description b. analysis c. interpretation d. judgment

28. This seems like a very happy time for the artist. • a. description • b. analysis • c. interpretation • d. judgment

29. The artist uses the element of color to add visual interest to the painting. • a. description • b. analysis • c. interpretation • d. judgment

30. The artist is depicting his vision of Paris. • a. description • b. analysis • c. interpretation • d. judgment

31. 5. The artist uses many colors. a. description b. analysis c. interpretation d. judgment

32. 6. The artist successfully uses surrealistic imagery. a. description b. analysis c. interpretation d. judgment

33. 7. The cat represents the artist looking out at Paris. a. description b. analysis c. interpretation d. judgment

35. After Marc Chagall moved to Paris from Russia in 1910, his paintings quickly came to reflect the latest avant-garde styles. • In Paris Through the Window, Chagall’s Cubism is semitransparent overlapping planes of vivid color in the sky above the city. • The Eiffel Tower, which appears in the cityscape • Maybe a metaphor for Paris and perhaps modernity itself. • Chagall’s parachutist might also refer to contemporary experience, since the first successful jump occurred in 1912. • Other motifs suggest the artist’s native Vitebsk. • This painting is an enlarged version of a window view in a self-portrait painted one year earlier, in which the artist contrasted his birthplace with Paris. • The figure in Paris Through the Window has been read as the artist looking at once westward to his new home in France and eastward to Russia. Chagall, however, refused literal interpretations of his paintings.

37. 1913 20 August - 700 feet above Buc, parachutist Adolphe Pegond jumps from an airplane and lands safel y. 1914 3 August - Germany declares war on Russia's ally France. 9 August - Battle of Mulhouse begins, the opening attack of World War I by the French army against Germany.