Feb. 21-22

1. Feb. 21-22 • Bellwork…Use from Dwellings handout

2. Read this sentence from Paragraph 1. • But up close it is something wonderful, a small cliff dwelling that looks almost as intricate and well made as those the Anasazi left behind when they vanished mysteriously centuries ago. • Which type of allusion, if any, is used in the sentence? • A classical allusion • B literary allusion • C historical allusion • D no allusion

3. In Paragraph 1,what does the hill symbolize? • F nature and the effect of progress on it • G home and the haven it could provide • H hard work and its ultimate satisfactions • J tranquility and the struggle to achieve it

4. Which sentence from Paragraph 1best reveals how the author values the hill? • A Not far from where I live is a hill that was cut into by the moving water of a creek. • B Eroded this way, all that's left of it is a broken wall of earth that contains old roots and pebbles woven together and exposed. • C This hill is a place that could be the starry skies at night turned inward into the thousand round holes where solitary bees have lived and died. • D It is earth that was turned to clay in the mouths of the bees and spit out as they mined deeper into their dwelling places.

5. In Paragraph 4, the purpose of the flashback is most likely to • F describe the town in detail. • G explain the reasons the narrator had for moving. • H describe the places where the narrator was content. • J explain the meaning of the town's name.

6. Read Paragraph 6. • And how often I've wanted to escape to a wilderness where a human hand has not been in everything. But those were only dreams of peace, of comfort, of a nest inside stone or woods, a sanctuary where a dream or life wouldn't be invaded. • Based on the paragraph, the reader can infer that the narrator • A is frightened of other people. • B enjoys camping in nature. • C experiences trouble sleeping. • D finds safety in the natural world.

7. Read this sentence from Paragraph 7. • Inother days and places, people paid more attention to the strong-headed will of earth. • The author uses personification in the sentence to • F demonstrate that the earth has changed. • G emphasize the power of the earth. • H explain that the earth is a useful resource. • J highlight the benefits of the earth.

8. The setting impacts the mood of the passage because the setting causes the • narrator to • A be hopeful about the future. • B yearn for a shelter from civilization. • C become anxious about the bees. • D regret past decisions.

9. How would the passage differ if it were written from a third-person objective point of view? • F It would have less emotional content. • C It would contain less detail about the bees. • H It would include more information about the narrator. • J It would focus more on the present than the past.

10. Common CoreExploring expository Writing • RL1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. • RL2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. • RL3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text.

11. Objectives • Close read Chapter 1 of The Great Gatsby

12. Cultural Context of The Great Gatsby

13. Understanding the times helps to understand the novel

14. World War I • World War I ended in 1918. • Disillusioned because of the war, the generation that fought and survived has come to be called “the lost generation.”

15. The Roaring Twenties • While the sense of loss was readily apparent among expatriate American artists who remained in Europe after the war, back home the disillusionment took a less obvious form. • America seemed to throw itself headlong into a decade of madcap behavior and materialism, a decade that has come to be called the Roaring Twenties.

16. The Jazz Age • The era is also known as the Jazz Age, when the music called jazz, promoted by such recent inventions as the phonograph and the radio, swept up from New Orleans to capture the national imagination. • Improvised and wild, jazz broke the rules of music, just as the Jazz Age thumbed its nose at the rules of the past.

17. The New Woman • Among the rules broken were the age-old conventions guiding the behavior of women. The new woman demanded the right to vote and to work outside the home. • Symbolically, she cut her hair into a boyish “bob” and bared her calves in the short skirts of the fashionable twenties “flapper.”

18. Prohibition • Another rule often broken was the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, or Prohibition, which banned the public sale of alcoholic beverages from 1919 until its appeal in 1933. • Speak-easies, nightclubs, and taverns that sold liquor were often raided, and gangsters made illegal fortunes as bootleggers, smuggling alcohol into America from abroad.

19. Gambling • Another gangland activity was illegal gambling. • Perhaps the worst scandal involving gambling was the so-called Black Sox Scandal of 1919, in which eight members of the Chicago White Sox were indicted for accepting bribes to throw baseball’s World Series.

20. The Automobile • The Jazz Age was also an era of reckless spending and consumption, and the most conspicuous status symbol of the time was a flashy new automobile. • Advertising was becoming the major industry that it is today, and soon advertisers took advantage of new roadways by setting up huge billboards at their sides. • Both the automobile and a bizarre billboard play important roles in The Great Gatsby.

21. Critical Overview of the Novel • How has the reception changed over the decades?

22. The 1920s • While fellow writers praised Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, critics offered less favorable reviews.

23. Newspaper Reviews • The Baltimore Evening Sun called the plot “no more than a glorified anecdote” and the characters “mere marionettes.” • The New York Times called the book “neither profound nor durable.” • The London Times saw it as “undoubtedly a work of great promise” but criticized its “unpleasant” characters.

24. The 1930s • Fitzgerald’s reputation reached its lowest point during the Depression, when he was viewed as a Jazz Age writer whose time has come and gone. • The Great Gatsby went out of print in 1939. • When Fitzgerald died a year later, Time magazine didn’t even mention The Great Gatsby.

25. The 1940s • Interest in Fitzgerald was revived with the posthumous book, The Last Tycoon. • A literary critic was the first to point out that Gatsby, despite its Jazz Age setting, focused on timeless, universal concerns.

26. The 1950s • Fitzgerald’s reputation soared with a new biography entitled The Far Side of Paradise. • The London Times affirmed that Gatsby is “one of the best-if not the best-American novels of the past fifty years.”

27. What is the reputation today? • The Great Gatsby’s place as a major novel is now assured. • Most high schools teach this novel

28. It’s time for you to decide, Old Sport…

29. Considered to be one of the greatest American storytellers, F. Scott Fitzgerald unquestionably led a chaotic, yet intriguing life. • Despite his alcoholism and bouts of depression and insecurity, and his wife’s infidelity and mental instability, Fitzgerald became a highly acclaimed and successful writer. • His most popular novel, The Great Gatsby, is considered to be a classic American novel, and a dark and disconcerting portrait of America in the 1920's.

30. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on September 24, 1896 • He is a descendant of the famous patriot, Frances Scott Key, most well-known for writing the “Star SpangledBanner.”

31. Fitzgerald attended the St. Paul Academy, the Newman School, and Princeton, but dropped out of Princeton to join the Army in 1917. • In June of 1918, Fitzgerald was assigned to Camp Sheridan, near Montgomery, Alabama.

32. In July 1919, Fitzgerald returned to St. Paul to polish his novel This Side of Paradise. It was a literary and monetary success, and allowed Fitzgerald the financial security to finally marry Zelda in 1920. • In October 1921, they had their only child, a daughter they named Frances Scott, and nicknamed “Scottie.” The Fitzgeralds moved frequently over the next few years, from Long Island to Rome to Paris. Fitzgerald wrote The Beautiful and the Damned and Tales of the Jazz Age in 1922, and it was in Paris where Fitzgerald finished writing The Great Gatsby. • The novel was published in 1925, and while it was both hailed and rejected by critics, sales were a considerable disappointment compared to the success of his first novel. • Fitzgerald continued to augment his lavish lifestyle by writing short stories for newspapers and magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post.

33. In the Spring of 1930, Fitzgerald’s life began a downward spiral. • His drinking became an increasing problem, Zelda suffered from the first of several mental and physical breakdowns, and their marriage splintered. • Fitzgerald was forced again to sell short stories to help pay for Zelda’s psychiatric treatment and hospitalization. • While working on his fourth novel, Tender is the Night in 1932, Zelda suffered a relapse, and was again hospitalized. • Fitzgerald was finally able to finish Tender is the Night in 1934.

34. Fitzgerald’s admitted low point was in 1936-1937, when his alcoholism was out of control, his debts were soaring, he was unable to write, and he lived in and out of hotels in North Carolina. • Scottie was sent away to boarding school, since he was unable to provide a stable home for her. • Zelda continued her decline, was permanently hospitalized, and eventually died in 1948 in a hospital fire.

35. Fitzgerald moved to California in 1937 and worked for major Hollywood studios writing movie scripts. • While working on his final novel, The Last Tycoon, Fitzgerald suffered a heart attack and died December 21, 1940 at the age of 44. • The Last Tycoon was published posthumously in 1941.

36. End