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Pedestrian Planning and Design. Bicycles are legally considered to be vehicles, with the right to use roadways There are 9 million bike trips and 56 million walking trips in the U. S. everyday One in ten U. S. households do not own an automobile 1/3 of the population do not drive an automobile.
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Bicycles are legally considered to be vehicles, with the right to use roadways There are 9 million bike trips and 56 million walking trips in the U. S. everyday One in ten U. S. households do not own an automobile 1/3 of the population do not drive an automobile Why should we accommodate bicycles and pedestrians? • References: Uniform Vehicle Code, 1995 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1990 US Census FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Lifestyle Safety Why should we accommodate bicycles and pedestrians? • References: Uniform Vehicle Code, 1995 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1990 US Census FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Why Consider Pedestrians FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Pedestrian Crash Statistics • 1999 – 4906 pedestrians killed (11.8% of traffic fatalities) • 85,000 injured or killed • Highest crash involved for pedestrian 5 to 9 year old males • Speed was contributing factor in 30% of fatal crashes • A pedestrian struck at 40 mph has 85% chance of being killed • 45% at 30 mph • 5% at 20 mph Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Pedestrian Crashes • Highest during morning and evening (corresponds to peak period) • Fatal crashes 5 to 11 pm – darkness and alcohol are a factor • 86% urban, 14% rural • 65% at non intersections Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
ADA • All new construction or retro fit projects must include curb ramps that comply with ADA requirements • Should review existing street system to identify barriers Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Pedestrian Safety Improvements • Provision of pedestrian facilities, such as sidewalks and crosswalks. • Roadway and engineering measures, such as traffic control devices, lighting, and roadway design strategies • Programs to enforce existing traffic laws and ordinances for motorists (e.g., obeying speed limits, yielding to pedestrians) • Forgiving vehicle designs that minimize pedestrian injury from vehicle impact • Education programs provided to motorists and pedestrians. Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Sidewalks • Pedestrian lanes – space to travel within the public right of way • ITE recommend a minimum width of 5 feet for a sidewalk (allows 2 people to comfortably pass • Wider in high pedestrian areas Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002) Color Images: http://www.pedbikeimages.org
Sidewalk Design • Minimum width: 5’ recommended by AASHTO • Minimum clear path of travel: 36” • Desired running slope: no more than 5% • Maximum grade of a ramp: 8.3% • Minimum cross slope: 2% • Firm, smooth, slip resistant surfaces • References: AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Sidewalks • Grade should be <= 5% • Also depends on roadway alignment • Maximum cross-slope is 2% Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Sidewalks Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Sidewalks • Provide 4 to 6 foot buffer zone from street Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002) Color Images: http://www.pedbikeimages.org
Marked Crosswalks • Indicate preferred locations for pedestrians • Designate ROW for motorists to yield • Be convient for pedestrian access • Markings alone are unlikely to benefit pedestrian safety • More effective with other measures such as curb extensions especially on high volume roadways FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Marked Crosswalks Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Image source: Phoenix School Safety Program Update, Michael J. Cynecki, Jenny L. Grote, and Brandon Forrey. ITE Annual Meeting, 2004.)
Marked Crosswalks • Should not be used: • Speed limit > 40 mph • 4 or more lane roadway with no median or crossing island when AADT > 12,000 • 4 or more lane roadway with raised median or crossing island if AADT > 15,000 Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Overpasses/Underpasses • Grade separated crossing • Expensive • Pedestrians will not use if easier route is available • Needs appropriate ramps to accommodate disabled Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Driveways Improvement • Problematic • Excessively wide or sloped driveways • Large turning radii • Multiple driveways • Driveways not well defined • Non level sidewalks Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Driveway • Narrowing or closing driveways • Reducing turning radii • Provide median dividers for wide driveways • Maintain sidewalk at no more than 2% sideslope
Driveway Design FHWA Course on Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation
Raised Medians • Barriers serve as place of refuge midblock • With landscaping can calm traffic • Replace center turn lanes and pedestrian conflicts Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
Intersection Curb Radius Reduction • Wide radius results in high speed turn • Longer walking distance • Narrowing radius reduces speed for vehicles and walking distance for pedestrian • For new construction – 15 ft and arterials – 25 feet Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide (FHWA, 2002)
