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Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance

Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance. CARBOHYDRATES ARE ALDEHYDE OR KETONE DERIVATIVES OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

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Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance

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  1. Carbohydrates of Physiologic Significance CARBOHYDRATES ARE ALDEHYDE OR KETONE DERIVATIVES OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS (1) Monosaccharidesare those carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates: They may be classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, or heptoses, depending upon the number of carbon atoms; and as aldoses or ketoses depending upon whether they have an aldehyde or ketone group. Examples are listed in Table 13–1. (2) Disaccharides are condensation products of two monosaccharide units. Examples are maltose and sucrose. (3) Oligosaccharides are condensation products of two to ten monosaccharides; maltotriose* is an example. (4) Polysaccharides are condensation products of more than ten monosaccharide units; examples are the starches and dextrins, which may be linear or branched polymers. Polysaccharides are sometimes classified as hexosans or pentosans, depending upon the identity of the constituent monosaccharides

  2. Anomers

  3. Epimerisation

  4. Important Disaccharides

  5. starch

  6. Glycosaminoglycans(mucopolysaccharides) are complex carbohydrates characterized by their content of amino sugars and uronic acids.When these chains are attached to a protein molecule, the result is a proteoglycan.Proteoglycans provide the ground or packing substance of connective tissues.

  7. Structure of proteoglycanfrom cartilage

  8. Structures of A, B,andOoligosaccharide antigen

  9. Carbohydrates Can Be Linked to Proteins Through Asparagine (N-Linked) or Through Serine or Threonine (O-Linked) Residues

  10. What are these moleculs ?

  11. What are these moleculs?

  12. Lipids of Physiologic Significance (1) relatively insoluble in water and (2) soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and chloroform.

  13. LIPIDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS SIMPLEOR COMPLEX

  14. Fatty Acids Are Named After Corresponding Hydrocarbons Saturated Fatty Acids Contain No Double Bonds Unsaturated Fatty Acids Contain One or More Double Bonds Fatty acids may be further subdivided as follows: (1) Monounsaturated (monoethenoid, monoenoic) acids, containing one double bond. (2) Polyunsaturated (polyethenoid, polyenoic) acids, containing two or more double bonds. (3) Eicosanoids: These compounds, derived from eicosa- (20-carbon) polyenoicfattyacids, comprise the prostanoids, leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). Prostanoids include prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PGIs), and thromboxanes (TXs).

  15. The General Structure of Fatty Acids • The general structure of a fatty acid is a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on carbon 1 (C1).

  16. CH3- methyl or omega end acid or alpha end -COOH = double bonds

  17. A fatty acid (Palmitate 16:0) Hydrophilic carboxylate head Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail

  18. Space Filled Models of FFAs

  19. Common unsaturated fatty acids

  20. w-3 (n-3) unsaturated fatty acids ALA 18:3 (all cis) D9,12,15 alpha-linolenic acids EPA 20:5 (all cis) D5,8,11,14,17 DHA 22:6 (all cis) D4,7,10,13,16,19

  21. Diagram Of A Triglyceride GLYCEROL fatty acids TRIGLYCERIDE

  22. saturated = no double bonds Polyunsaturated = 2 or more double bonds

  23. BIOACTIVE LIPIDS: MEMBRANE SPHINGOLIPIDS and GANGLIOSIDES

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