General The Muslim Almanac P 201

1. General The Muslim AlmanacP 201 • The medicine of Islam heavily based off of Greek medicine, specifically the Hippocrate/ Galen writings • Biggest contribution of the Islam civilization towards medicine was the idea and execution of a hospital to treat the sick and to train doctors and physicians in the field

2. General The Muslim AlmanacSQ 201 • “Hospices for the sick, poor, travelers, and orphans had existed in Byzantium and were the model for the Umayyad caliph Walid’s charitable institution for the care of lepers, the blind, and the infirm” (Stearns)

3. Hospitals The Muslim AlmanacP 201-202 • The first hospital established was built by Harun al- Rashid in Baghdad, during the Abbasid dynasty • The hospital was inspired and modeled after Jundishapur • Other hospitals from Spain and India also took initiative in building hospitals • Medical care was given to all, without discrimination of religion

4. Hospitals The Muslim AlmanacP 202 • Adudi hospital was a great accomplishment, founded by al- Dawla • Had ophthalmologists, orthopedists, surgeons, and 24 physicians • Recieved, fresh clean water from the Trigris river, and lasted for over 200 years • Another successful Islamic hospital was Cairo’s Nasiri hospital • Could accommodate 8,000 people • There were separate wards for different diseases and genders

5. Hospitals The Muslim AlmanacP 202 • Nasiri also had a pharmacy, dispensary, dysentary, mosque, and a library • There were lecture halls, administrative staff, and attendents to educate others learning

6. Al- Razi The Muslim AlmanacP 202 • Al- Razi wrote several medical works, b/c he believed that there is no end to knowledge • One is the Kitab al- Hawi, containing 23 volumes • Has mostly his observations and histories of various cases of illness • Although he and his work was very significant, many general of principles of science had to be reconsidered due to his beliefs • Another doctor, Aliibn al- Abbas al- Majusi, created Kitab al- Malaki, to improve upon All- Razi’s work • His had less opinion/ beliefs, more facts w/ distinct focus

7. IbnSina The Muslim AlmanacP 202 • al Qananfil- Tibb soon beat out both, which was written by IbnSina • It became the medical textbook, and spread to Latin West, being printed 36 times in the 15th- 16th centuries • Another of his works, Ib al- Nafis created the first mention of pulmonary circulation, in which blood pumped the right ventricle to the lungs

8. General IbnSina and the Muslim WorldP 13 • Muslims were ahead of the European civilization in medicine • Were lucky and priveleged to have been able to have access to Greek documents, especially the Hippocrates and Galen • Had their works and studies copied and translated into Arabic, for their use • More information came from China and India, especially on how to treat disease

9. General IbnSina and the Muslim WorldP 13- 14 • The Islam community had many sources of info. from various places, giving them a “melting pot” of knowledge with many different aspects, giving them well rounded study

10. Al- RaziIbnSina and the Muslim WorldP 13- 14 • Memorable early doctor was Al- Razi • Published many works, and wrote The Compendium • Was all about medicine, and its uses, lots of information • Also wrote shorter books • One was the 1st account of smallpox • Al Razi wrote two additional books, titled Why Even Good Doctors Can’t Cure All Diseases, and Why People Prefer Quacks to Good Doctors • Made several contributions to field, that inspired and motivated others to contribute and learn themselves

11. IbnSinaIbnSina and the Muslim WorldP 13 & 15 • IbnSina utilized other medical texts to create one of his very own, the Canon of Medicine • Became the mainly used source for the next 600 years for doctors in training in the Middle East and in Europe • Was a huge leap forward at the time, and his ideas were fresh and directed toward the future

12. IbnSinaIbnSina and the Muslim WorldP/ SQ 15- 16 • IbnSina utilized new drugs and anteseptic on patients revolutioning the use of such • “He was called the Prince of Doctors” (Yapp) • His ideas led to even more advances after he died, continuing his work and upgrading the facts known about medicine

13. Influence of Muhammad Science in Medieval Islam SQ/ P 131 • “The best gift from Allah to mankind is good health. Everyone should reach that goal by preserving it for now and for the future” (Turner) • Shows the devotion of Muslims (one who has submitted to Islam) towards the study/ focus of life science, and importance of being healthy

14. General/ beliefs Science in Medieval IslamP 131 • Islam welcomed the success of Greece, Rome, Syria, Persia, and india • In medicial medicine, they would often explain thing w/o biological knowledge like today, but rather w/ the beliefs or radical reasoning/ assumption • Humors almost states of beliefs • Melancholic, sanguineous, choleric, phlegmantic

15. General/ beliefs Science in Medieval IslamP 131 • 3 useful fluids, which were arterial and venous blood, along with nervous fluid • 3 spirits: vital, natural, animal • When the fluids, spirits, and humors are correctly balanced, a person has optimal health • Basics of Galen writings helped shape the teaching of Islam medicine

16. General/ beliefs/ disease Science in Medieval Islam P 131- 132 • Believed that when the humors were stressed by outside changes, it changed its structure, causing illness and negative flow • Unlike the West and other aresas, Muslim practice disconnected the blief that magic was connected to sickness and that spirits were causing people to become ill

17. General/ beliefs/ disease Science in Medieval Islam P 131- 132 • Instead believed that the persons own internal sources and internal systems would cure the sickness, separate from any relation to spirit • More accurate/ closer to what is believed by doctors and pediatricians today

18. Cures Science in Medieval Islam P 132 • Was used primarily by pharmacists and physicians • Delved into the details and specifics of drugs, herbs, how to get/ retrieve, and where they could be found • Even before Islam, an interest in herbs for medical practice was established • Book had a focus on the practicality of medical drugs and usefulness • Very helpful and beneficial to society’s advances in Islamic medicine

19. Background Science in Medieval Islam P 132 • City of Gondeshapur in Perisha was an area for medical knowledge and intelligence • Scholars from all over came with translated texts on varied topics of medicine • Muslim practitioners were trained by very first medical specialists, and learned advanced techniqes • Could bring what they knew, and go back with new concepts to share, and to strengthen empire’s knowledge

20. Background Science in Medieval Islam P 132 • This diverse, fascinating collaboration birthed a strong foundation for the achievemsnts to come in the Muslim healing arts • Many Greek texts were converted into Arabic • HunayahibnIshaq and a school of translators gave Islam fundamental texts to comprehend the study of medicine, and would come to make their own theories and inferences off of

21. Background Science in Medieval Islam P 133 • Even from the start, Islam had the tools it needed to excel, which is why it went so far • When the start is strong, the finish is stronger • Islam had libraries with center for translation, allowing the insight and intelligence of the reeks to be built upon and questioned • Hospitals development would mold medical/health study/care today

22. Hospitals Science in Medieval Islam P 133 • Organizational abilities with surgical skills were utilized in the victories of MedivalIslamshosopitals • Exceeded any other hospitals and medical institutions during the Middle Ages

23. Hospitals Science in Medieval Islam P 133 • First hospitals developed in Islamic lands over one thousand years ago • First built under the reign of caliph al- Rashid • Many more followed after • Were funded for and maintained by caliphs, religious foundations, etc. • Were managed by knowledgeable, proficient staff for maximum efficiency and professionalism • Also continued to preserve establishments in other areas

24. Hospitals Science in Medieval Islam P 134 • Taking into account the time period, overall setup/organization was extremely sophisticated and urbane • Divided wards for patients with internal, mental, contagious illnesses • Also wings for orthepedic and ophthalmic disabilities

25. Hospitals Science in Medieval Islam P 134 • Clean facilities and broad training for all surgeons, physicians, etc. • Hospitals also had traveling clinics, and even had treatment for the military and those wounded in battle • Always offered consistent, professional care and educated workers in organization of the buildings

26. al- Razi Science in Medieval Islam P 135 • When al- Razi was young, he was an alchemist • Had much experience, and interested students and patients in Western Asia with study and interests/ beliefs • Was a polymath, has 200 short stories on medicine, and also covers a broad range or other topics

27. al- Razi Science in Medieval Islam P 135 • On Smallpox and Measles was one of his more famous works, which were eventually written in several different Western languages • Al- Hawi is his most in depth, important, vital, essential texts ever written before the 19th century • Had 23 volumes his knowledge and compiled knowledge from India, Syria, Greece, and Near East

28. al- Razi Science in Medieval Islam P 136 • Had a distinct way of presenting information • Would include the findings of work, then state opinion • Covered many medical focuses, like hygiene, joint disability, and several more • Practical and informative, but also opinionated and questioning

29. Ibn- Sina Science in Medieval Islam P/SQ 136 • Ibn- Sina was born in Bukhara of Central Asia during the 10th century • Like al- Razi, he covered a large span of many topics • “Considered the greatest Muslim writer on medicine” (Turner) • Wrote a medical encyclopedia called Al Qanun, or The Canon • Divided into five sections

30. IbnSina Science in Medieval Islam P 136 • Covered topics loike fevers, arm and leg orders, medical instruments used, tumors, and cosmetic problems • Was the most used medial reference of the time • Al- Qanun and al- Razi’s work was used as the fundamental readings in the Europe’s medical school until modern times

31. IbnSina Science in Medieval IslamP 136 • Out of every mideval medical text, The Canon was the most used, due to it’s copmrehensiveness and range of several medical topics • In addition to medicine, he also traveled slightly into the field of psychology • Gave advice to the brokenhearted • Studied cancer treatment, effects of environment, and psychotherapy • After his death in 1057, his wisdom and inspiration continued on, allowing his legacy to live on and stay alive

32. Accomplishments Science in Medieval IslamP 137 • In the 12th century, Muslim physicians had crafted speiclaty text, biographies, encyclopedias all revolving around medicine • Contributed to anatomy and physiology • During 9th century, HunaynibnIshaq created incredibly accurate diagrams of eye structure, something on- one had ever seen before • A 15th century manuscript was written by Muhammedibn al- Faqih

33. Accomplishments Science in Medieval Islam P 137- 138 • Diagrams of a body’s structural, nervous, and circulatory systems were complete and impressive • Islam had much success/milestones in human operation also • A man named A’bul- Qasim al- Zahrawi wrote a medical encyclopedia • It was called the Book of Concession (Kitab al- Tasnf)

34. Accomplishments Science in Medieval Islam P 138 • His texts were used in Muslim and European medical schools for several centuries • Text was comprised of almost 200 drawings of medical tools and implements • Also included lengthy descriptoins and observations concerning topics • Were surgical manipulations,, auterizaiton, treatment of wounds, obstetrics, fracture, dislocation, paralysis, artificial teeth, and mouth hygiene

35. Cures Science in Medieval Islam P 138- 139 • The amount of Muslim contribution towards medicine was enormous, and had worthy progress in aspect of treating the illness itself • Porgress visible thourgh dosage, use, theraputic effects, and composition of simple and complex drugs

36. Cures Science in Medieval Islam P 139 • No other empire surpassed amount of progression by Islam until the 17th century • Used cloves, cinnamon, anlse, myrrh, camphor, mercury, and sulfer for cures • One for the first to create/ improve syrups and juleps • First apothecaries set up by Islamic physicians