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Manipulating Loyalty:

Manipulating Loyalty:. Chinese Americans and Taiwan ’s canned mushroom export 1960s-1980s Joan S. H. Wang Department of History National Taiwan Normal University. 前言 Introduction. 韓戰爆發後,中美對峙 Korean War in 1950 美國對共產中國實施禁運政策

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Manipulating Loyalty:

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  1. Manipulating Loyalty: Chinese Americans and Taiwan ’s canned mushroom export 1960s-1980s Joan S. H. Wang Department of History National Taiwan Normal University

  2. 前言 Introduction • 韓戰爆發後,中美對峙 Korean War in 1950 • 美國對共產中國實施禁運政策 American embargo on the importation of China’s goods, under the anti- communist panic • 台灣加工食品輸美,尤其是洋菇罐頭 An increase of Taiwan’s canned foods to the U.S., especially canned mushroom

  3. 中心議題 Major themes • 對台灣國民黨政府: 外貿 VS. 僑務 For Taiwan’s KMT government: foreign trades VS. overseas Chinese loyalty • 對美國華商: 在地利益 VS. 祖國認同 For Chinese American merchants: local interests VS. Chinese identity

  4. 台灣洋菇罐頭銷美之數量變動The development of Taiwan’s canned mushroom to the U. S. • 台灣菇罐生產圖片 Profiles of canned mushroom production • 《紐約時報》 New York Times Where mushrooms are mushrooming • 《洛杉磯時報》 Los Angeles Times Taiwan is famous for exporting mushrooms • 美國菇農恐懼進口洋菇 Fears plagued American mushroom farmers

  5. Export of Taiwan’s canned mushroom to various countries (in %)(US, W. Germany, Canada, Holland, others)

  6. 洋菇菌種製造。資料來源:張宗藩,《豐年》,22卷20期,民國61年10月,頁40。

  7. 洋菇採收。資料來源:《農復會30年紀實》,頁75。洋菇採收。資料來源:《農復會30年紀實》,頁75。

  8. 製作堆肥,後方為尚在搭建中的PE菇舍。資料來源:《農復會30年紀實》,頁75。製作堆肥,後方為尚在搭建中的PE菇舍。資料來源:《農復會30年紀實》,頁75。

  9. PE菇舍。資料來源:《豐年》,27卷20期,民國66年10月,頁15。PE菇舍。資料來源:《豐年》,27卷20期,民國66年10月,頁15。

  10. 洗選洋菇。資料來源︰ (右圖)《農復會30年紀實》,頁84。 (左圖)《豐年》,第22卷20期,民國61年10月,頁38。

  11. 洋菇裝罐。資料來源︰《豐年》,第28卷22期,民國67年11月,頁38。洋菇裝罐。資料來源︰《豐年》,第28卷22期,民國67年11月,頁38。

  12. 洋菇封罐。資料來源︰《豐年》,第28卷23期,民國67年12月,頁22。洋菇封罐。資料來源︰《豐年》,第28卷23期,民國67年12月,頁22。

  13. 銷美菇罐變動原因之分析 Analysis of the development of Taiwan’s canned mushroom • 二戰後,美國經濟繁榮、生活富裕 after WWII, American economy prospered • 外食人口增加 the tendency of eating-out life style • 嘗新心態 a demand for novelty

  14. Taiwan’s quota system of canned mushroom distribution and its impact • 配額制度 Quota system (由重商貿到重僑務) Emphasis from international trade to overseas Chinese affairs 1.美國菇罐廠商 American Mushroom Packers 2.美國進口商 American Importers 3.日本進口商 Japanese Firms 4.華人進口商 Oversea Chinese Firms ( in LA and NYC) 5.公共配額僑商 More overseas Chinese Firms (in SF, Chicago, etc.) 6.專案核配僑商 (對匪工作與獎勵)Special Firms in SF, NYC since the 1970s as rewards for fight against Chinese communists • 此制之連動和變化 Influence of the quota system 1. Dilemma of linking with motherland since the 1970s 2. Rewards or punishment

  15. 1964-65 NAME OF AGENTS QUANTITY 7 American Mushroom Packers: (1)Green Giant 35,000 c/s (2)Brandywine 30,000 c/s (3)Getz Bros 20,000 c/s (4)Oxford Royal 15,000 c/s (5)Fred 15,000 c/s (6)Kennett 15,000 c/s (7)Keystone 15,000 c/s Sub-total:145,000 c/s 2 American Importers: (1)Balfour & Guthrie 60,000 c/s (2)Biddle 50,000 c/s Sub-total:110,000 c/s

  16. 1964-65 8 Japanese Firms: (1)Mitsubishu(三菱) 46,000 c/s (2)Mitsui(三井) 32,000 c/s (3)Mozaki(野崎) 21,000 c/s (4)Tosnoku 11,000 c/s (5)Kanematsu(兼松) 11,000 c/s (6)Itohakue(伊藤忠) 11,000 c/s (7)Marubemi-Ikda(丸紅飯田) 9,000 c/s (8)Toyomenka(東棉) 9,000 c/s Sub-total:150,000 c/s 3 Oversea Chinese Firms: (1)Samwars(洛杉磯生活公司)32,500 c/s (2)Yee Sing Chong(洛杉磯裕成昌公司) 32,500 c/s (3)Summit(紐約森美公司)30,000 c/s Sub-total:95,000 c/s GRAND TOTAL: 500,000c/s

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