Statistical Studies: Statistical Investigations

1. Statistical Studies: Statistical Investigations III.A Student Activity Sheet 3: Margin of Error

2. Recall the study from Student Activity Sheet 1 (Question 19) that analyzed scalp hair samples from 22 participants with epilepsy and 23 participants without epilepsy, checking for differences in levels of copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium. The results are summarized in the table below. Copper Iron Zinc Magnesium Calcium Males, epileptic 14 6 211 329 947 Males, nonepileptic 19 9 200 259 960 Females, epileptic 10 7 218 444 1,143 Females, nonepileptic 16 15 218 505 1,162 Average trace element concentrations (μg/g) in scalp hair.

3. 1. If it were possible to measure the presence of copper in the hair of all males with epilepsy in the world, do you think the average would be exactly 14 μg/g? Explain your thinking. Some students may believe that 14 is fairly close, while others may think that it could vary widely due to other factors, especially if they remember the small sample sizes (22 with epilepsy, 23 without). Students may also point out that 14 is most likely a rounded value anyway. 2. The journal article that contains the results of the study actually reports that males with epilepsy have an average of 14 + 9 μg/g of copper in their scalp hair. What do you think 14 + 9 means in this situation? Students should at least perform the computation (for 14 + 9 and 14 – 9) and get the numbers 23 and 5. They may incorrectly believe that these are the highest and lowest values found in the sample.

4. 3. The + 9 is called the margin of error. This wording, however, does not mean that someone messed up the research. It simply means that no sampling method can guarantee that the sample exactly matches the population, but that the sampling techniques (when used correctly) can be trusted to give results that are accurate within a certain range. Since the males with epilepsy in the sample showed an average of 14 μg/g of copper in their scalp hair, the researchers are fairly confident that the true average copper concentration for all males with epilepsy in the study is between 5 and 23 μg/g. Have you ever seen a news report that mentions margin of error? What was the report about? most students will probably remember hearing political poll results that mention margin of error.

5. Politician Paul and Candidate Carl are running for governor, and the election is next week. The latest poll shows that Politician Paul has 46% of the vote, while Candidate Carl has 43% of the vote. The news report, however, states that this poll contains a 3% margin of error. 4. What does this mean for Politician Paul? 46 + 3 means Paul could actually have as little as 43% or as much as 49% of the vote. 5. What does this mean for Candidate Carl? 43 + 3 means Carl could actually have as little as 40% or as much as 46% of the vote. 6. What do these poll results tell you about the upcoming election? The race is too close to call. Paul could win by as much as 49% to 40%, or Carl could win by as much as 46% to 43%. Neither person is predicted to obtain 50% or more, based on this poll, so there is likely to be a runoff.

6. Recall the study from Student Activity Sheet 1 (Question 19) that tested the effect of replacing rabbits’ soybean diet with Gliricidia sepium Leaf Meal (GLM). The rabbits were randomly assigned to receive either 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% GLM. The resulting effect on weight gain is summarized in the table below. 0% GLM 5% GLM 10% GLM 15% GLM 20% GLM Weight gain 958 + 40 887 + 59 992 + 24 972 + 33 919 + 44 Increase in weight during an eight-week period, measured in grams 7. Fill in the interval of the true mean weight gain for each treatment. Based on these results alone, what do you recommend to the farmers in the area? Why? GLM True Mean Weight Gain 0% between 918 and 998 grams 5% between 828 and 946 grams 10% between 968 and 1,016 grams 15% between 939 and 1,005 grams 20% between 875 and 963 grams