The Rise of the Nazi Party

1. The Rise of the Nazi Party 1920 - 1935

2. Hitler • Born 1889 in Austria • Moved to Vienna to study art - rejected • Worked as a house painter, postcard painter, beggar

3. 1914 - Salvation • Sought and received permission to join the Imperial German Army - 1914 • He loved the war experience: • Comrades • Discipline • Violence • Excitement • Clear values (to him) - strongest survive

4. 1914 - Salvation • Used as a trench runner • Wounded twice • Decorated • Reached rank of corporal

5. After the War • Learned of Armistice while recuperating from gassing • Sent to demobilization camp • Trained as a political officer • Political awareness • Public speaking

6. Germany 1919 - 1922 • Political Chaos • Weak central government - Ebert named president • Moderately left-wing Social Democrats • Radical critics on both the left and the right Ebert Luxembourg Kapp

7. Weimar Constitution • Drafted July 1919 • Highly Democratic in Principle: • Universal adult suffrage • Proportional Representation • Referendum provisions • Recall • Article 48 • Allowed President emergency powers • President could govern without Reichstag

8. Revolts • Sparticist Revolt - 1919 (Leftwing) • Luzembourg & Liebnicht • Put down by Freikorps • Kapp Putsch (Rightwing) • Led by Wolfgang Kapp • Supported by Freikorps • Failed when Berlin workers called general strike and shut off power

9. After the War • Hitler enlisted by army to spy on small German Workers’ Party • The German Workers’ Partywas founded January 9, 1919 by Anton Drexler & Karl Harrer • Hitler joined party in September 1919 • Changed its name to National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) in February 1920

10. Nazi Posters - 1920 "Citizens! Do not believe that the Germany of misfortune and misery, the nation of corruption and usury, the land of Jewish corruption, can be saved by parties that claim to stand on a foundation of facts. Never!". "We chose red for our posters, since it is vivid and was the color that most aroused our opponents. It forced them to notice and remember us.” - Mein Kampf

11. Sturm Abteilung(SA) • Formed in 1921 • Paramilitary organization • Led by Ernst Roehm • Ex-Soldiers and Unemployed workers • Nazi muscle - street violence

12. Economic Chaos • Reaparations set at 132 Billion Gold Marks • By 1922 Germany defaulted on her payments • French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr Valley in 1922 • General Strike • To pay strining workers, the Weimar government printed money

13. Hyperinflation • In 1922, a loaf of bread cost 163 marks • By September, 1923 it cost 1,500,000 marks • November 1923, a single loaf of bread cost 200,000,000,000 marks

14. Results of Hyperinflation • Middle Class suffered the most: • Savings primarilyin cash - wiped out • Economically, they became working class • Socially, they remained distinct • Lost faith in old Prussian society • Looking for an alternative

15. Beer Hall Putsch • November, 1923 - Munich • Hitler wanted to take advantage of Ruhr debacle • Supported by Ludendorf • Not Supported by Police • 19 Killed in confrontation

16. Dawes Plan • Reparation payments decreased • US government loans to Weimar gov’t • American capital flowwed into Germany • Revaluation of the mark

17. Dawes Plan

18. Mein Kampf • Outlined Hitler’s ideas on: • Race • Propaganda • Versailles • Lebensraum • Not taken seriously at first

19. Reorganization

20. Roster - The Henchmen Himmler Goering Hess

21. Roster - The Henchmen Ribbentrop Borman Schacht

22. Roster - The Henchmen Goebbels Streicher Heydrich

23. Roster - The Henchmen Von Papen Von Blomberg Von Schirach

24. 1927 - 1928 "Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf Hitler want? Freedom and food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, black marketeers and exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists, Jesuits and Free Masons! Because he wants to free the workers from the domination of race! Working Germans! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking!

25. Mainstream Parties • The SPD (Social Democrats)were a moderate socialist party and the largest of the parties committed to the Republic. It was strongly anti-communist. • The Centre Party (Zentrum)was set up to defend Catholic interests in 1870. It drew support from all classes. It was present in every Weimar coalition government until 1933. • The DDP (German Democratic Party)was a middle class Liberal party. It lost support rapidly after 1920. In 1919 it received 19% of the vote. By 1932 this was down to 1%. • The DVP (German People’s Party)at heart they were Monarchists. They were supported by the middle-classes. Gustav Stresemann was the leader of this party. Its highest point of support was in 1920 when it received 14% of the vote. By 1932 this was down to 2%.

26. Left-wing Parties • The USPD (Independent Socialist Party) had broken from the SPD in 1917 because they did not support Germany’s continued participation in WWI. It declined rapidly after 1920 with the rise of the Communist party. • The KPD (Communist Party) was formed from the Spartacus Union that had led a revolt against the Weimar government in January 1919. It was very closely allied to Moscow and it refused to co-operate, in any way, with the parties that supported Weimar. This refusal to support Democratic parties went as far as allying with the Nazis (their sworn enemies) in Reichstag votes. This was in order to further destabilize the Republic

27. Right-wing parties • The DNVP (German National People’s Party) was set up in 1918. It was composed of supporters of the old Monarchy. It had strong rural support especially in Protestant areas. They were Hitler’s coalition partners when he came to power in 1933. • The NSDAP (National Socialist German Worker’s Party)was founded in Munich in 1919. At first it favoured the violent overthrow of the Weimar Republic. It came to national prominence in 1930 when it won 18% of the vote and by 1932 it was the largest party in the Reichstag

28. Weimar Culture

29. Jazz Resistance

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPCYYdECJIs&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Qrjtr_uFac

32. 1924 - 1933 Elections National Socialism: The Organized Will of the Nation

33. The Depression • Hindenburg - President • Bruening - Chancellor • Schleicher - Advisor to Hindenburg

34. The DepressionIn Germany

35. Unemployment & Nazi Vote Share

36. Bruening’s Policies • Wage and price controls • Central control of business • Cut back on social services • Very Unpopular • Could not form coalition • Hindenburg ruled by decree

37. Elections • September 1930 (Reichstag) • March 13th, 1932 (Presidential) • July 31st, 1932 (Reichstag) • November 1932 (Reichstag)

38. 1932 • Hitler decided to run against Hindenburg for President • Confusing Campaign • Mixing old loyalties • Example: Socialists supported the old monarchist Hindenburg • Hitler lost

39. 1932 • Breuning dismissed • SA banned • Rumours of a coup • Von Papen chosen chancellor • Hitler supports gov’t on condition that the ban on the SA is lifted

40. 1932 • July elections • Nazis won 231 out of 608 seats • Largest single party in Reichstag • Hitler demanded Chancellorship • Denied • Nazis brought down von Papen gov’t • New elections in November • Nazis loose 32 seats

41. November 1932

42. 1932 • Schleicher named Chancellor - December 2 • Could not form Government • Hindenburg finally names Hitler Chancellor - January 31, 1933

43. First Cabinet 3 of the 11 ministers were Nazis • Hitler: Chancellor • Frick: No portfolio • Goering: Minister of the Interior for Prussia - responsible for the police

44. Consolidation • Called election for March 5, 1933 • February 4 gov’t got emergency power to ban political meetings • February 17, Prussian police ordered to actively support nazi party • 50,000 auxiliary police sworn in (mostly SA) - Threat of Communist Putsch

45. Reichstag Fire • Burned down a week before elections

46. Decree for the Protection of People and State • Censor mail • Arrest individuals without charge • Unlimited search and siezure • Central gov’t could take over state gov’ts that did not take adequate measures to “protect citizens”

47. March Election • Nazis got 43.9 % of vote • Slim majority in Reichstag

48. Gleichschaltung March 23 - Enabling Act • Gave power to Chancellor to change constitution at will • Required 2/3 majority • 81 Communist deputies locked up • Centre Party voted for the Act

49. Gleichschaltung • March 31 - State diets had to reflect % of seats in Reichstag • Granted May Day holiday (May 1) • May 2 Abolished trade unions - replaced with Nazi Labour Front “Scene from the 'Good Old Days.’”

50. Gleichschaltung • July 14 - Nazi party becomes only legal party • July - Concordat with Vatican - church could control its own activities - ignored by Nazis