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Healthy Aging for Women

Healthy Aging for Women. Liz Quintana WVU School of Medicine equintana@hsc.wvu.edu. Objectives. Describe the physiological, psychological, and behavioral processes of aging Translate current research findings on aging

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Healthy Aging for Women

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  1. Healthy Aging for Women Liz Quintana WVU School of Medicine equintana@hsc.wvu.edu

  2. Objectives • Describe the physiological, psychological, and behavioral processes of aging • Translate current research findings on aging • Discuss effective lifestyle health promotions targeted for older women • Identify educational strategies and resources to optimize healthy aging

  3. US Mortality, 2007 • Heart Diseases • Cancer • Stroke • Chronic lower respiratory diseases • Accidents (unintentional injuries) • Alzheimer’s disease • Diabetes mellitus http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0115.pdf

  4. Some Statistics… • More than 1 in 3 female adults has some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) • CVD ranks 1st among all disease categories in hospital discharges for women • One in 2 female deaths in US are due to CVD (35% under age 35) American Heart Association Women and Cardiovascular Statistics 2010

  5. More Statistics… • 64 percent of women who died suddenly of CVD had no previous symptoms • Only 8% of women in America believe CVD is their greatest health threat • ages 25-34 least likely to identify CVD American Heart Association Women and Cardiovascular Statistics 2010

  6. Compared with Men… • More women than men will die within the first year after a heart attack or stroke • 35% women (18% men) heart attack survivors will have another heart attack within six years • 46% women (22% men) heart attack survivors will be disabled with heart failure within six years • Women are almost twice as likely as men to die after bypass surgery

  7. Age as a “cardiovascular equivalent”

  8. Risk Factors for Heart Disease • Age • Smoking • Hypertension • Abnormal lipids • Obesity • Diabetes / Insulin resistance • Family History • Inactivity

  9. Age • Women have symptoms in the 50-60’s • Men have symptoms in their 40-50’s • Protective effect of estrogens in youth? • Atypical symptoms - pain under the breast bone • Worse with exertion • “Radiates” to arm (either one) or neck or jaw • Sometimes nausea or “indigestion” or fatigue

  10. Why is Tobacco Smoke Harmful? • Causes plaque to build up • May trigger blood clots to form • Reduces HDL (good) cholesterol • May disturb heart rhythm and lead to sudden cardiac arrest

  11. Cigarette Smoking • Especially important in young women taking oral contraceptives • Female smokers experience HD 3x males • Increases the risk of heart disease in females with diabetes 4x • Female smokers experience first MI 19 yrs earlier than nonsmokers

  12. Hypertension • High blood pressure is more common in women taking oral contraceptives, especially in obese women • Greatest prevalence in African-American women • Over age 65: More women than men have hypertension

  13. Body Mass Index

  14. Body Mass Index • Body Mass Index = weight (lb.) height (in.)2 X 703 • Example: A 5’6” person, weighing 130 lb. • 130 • (66)2 X 703=21 • If 155 Lbs • BMI = 25 • http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/bmicalc.htm

  15. Obesity • Location of obesity - abdominal fat (WHR) •  risk for HD/DM indep of level of obesity • Postmenopausal  waist circumference • Overweight women 80% risk HD than lean • Associated with insulin resistance

  16. Calorie restriction & weight loss • Calorie restriction, independent of weight loss,  insulin sensitivity • Sustained weight loss, as little as 5-10% improves: • Glycemia • Blood pressure • Serum lipids

  17. Diabetes • Increases heart disease risk 2-4 fold • Eliminates protection of being female • Multiple risk factors • Lipid abnormalities • Hypertension • Glycosylation of proteins

  18. Screening • By age 45 years, repeat every 3 years • Earlier: overweight, with risk factors • Prevent or delay illness • Reduce complications & mortality • Highly cost effective Archimedes model validated for accuracy from predicting results of 50 clinical trials. http://www.diabetes.org/for-media/2010/screening-for-diabetes-highly-cost-effective.html

  19. Osteoporosis • 44 million Americans, (55% people 50+ years), have low bone density • 10 million Americans have osteoporosis • The “silent disease” • First sign may be a fracture • A sudden strain or bump can break a bone *National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org

  20. Concerns • 1 in 2 women (1 in 8 men) 50+ years will have an osteoporosis-related fracture • WV: 77.5% women (44.4% men) 50+ suffered from osteoporosis / low bone mass • Woman’s hip fracture risk = her combined risk of breast, uterine and ovarian cancer • 24% of hip fracture patients 50+ die during the year following their fracture

  21. American Heart Association • A healthy diet and lifestyle are the best weapons to fight cardiovascular disease • Use up at least as many calories as you take in   • Eat a variety of nutritious foods from all the food groups (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish) • Eat less of the nutrient-poor foods • Don’t smoke tobacco AHA Guidelines www.americanheart.org

  22. American Heart Association • A desirable lipid • Total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL HDL: >40 mg/dL LDL: <100 mg/dL Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL • Limit saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol • Substitute with grains and unsaturated fatty acids from vegetables, fish, legumes, and nuts.

  23. American Heart Association • A desirable blood pressure: 120/70 • Limit salt (sodium chloride) <2400 mg High risk: < 1500 mg • Limit alcohol consumption (~ 1 drink per day) • Maintain a healthy body weight and a dietary pattern that emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and low-fat or fat-free dairy products.

  24. Plate Method Fruit Milk Starch Protein Vegetables www.platemethod.com

  25. Meal Planning

  26. American Institute for Cancer Research Old American Plate A Transitional Plate New American Plate Another New American Plate

  27. Limiting portion sizes To achieve or maintain healthy weight • Meal plan • Food & Activity Record • Use measuring utensils when judging serving sizes • Limit treats to 200 calories or less daily

  28. Soluble Reduction total + LDL cholesterol Legumes Fruits Barley Oats Insoluble Reduction in bowel transit time Bran Wheat Whole grains Vegetables Dietary Fiber

  29. Saturated Fatty Acids* • Animal gm/serving • Meats (3 oz) 2-14 • Butter (1T) 7 • Egg 2 • Cheese (1 oz.) 3-6 • Plant (1T) • Shortening* 3.5 • Margarine* 2.5 • Mayo/dressing 0.5-1.5 • Coconut/palm oil 1.5 *Trans-fatty acids

  30. Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Plant food sources only (g/T) • Canola oil 8 • Olive oil 10.5 • Peanut oil 6.5 • Peanut butter 4 • Avocado (1/4 med) 4 • Almonds 6

  31. Cholesterol Animal sources only (mg/3oz) • Beef 84 • Fish 74 • Poultry 73 • Egg yolk (1) 212 • Shellfish (shrimp) 167 Maximum recommended: 200 mg/d

  32. Limit Sodium Select foods low in salt Limit consumption of salted foods and use of cooking and table salt. Substitute herbs and spices in place of salt to season foods. *JNC 7 – “Pre-hypertension” 120/80 – 139/89

  33. Sodium (mg)* *USDA Food Composition Tables Handbook 8

  34. DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension demonstrated that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, fiber and minerals (calcium, potassium and magnesium) produces a potent antihypertensive effect • http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf

  35. How much is a Serving Size ? Trans fats • FDA uses “Percent Daily Value” (% DV) to describe amount of vitamins and minerals needed by general U.S. population daily

  36. Ingredient List Label Greatest Amount ! Ingredients: Tomatoes, Water, Carrots, Celery, Onion, Barley, Canola Oil, Salt, Spices. Least Amount !

  37. Daily Value (DV) "Nutrition Facts" or "Supplement Facts" panel shows: 15% DV for calcium DV for calcium = 1,000 mg The food or supplement has 150 mg of calcium per serving.

  38. Calcium load at one time • Body can best handle about 500 mg at one time from food and/or supplements • Consume calcium sources with Vitamin D throughout day vs. all at one time

  39. Osteoporosis Prevention • Balanced diet rich in calcium & vitamin D • Weight-bearing exercise • Healthy lifestyle with no smoking or excessive alcohol use • Bone density testing and medications when appropriate

  40. Physical Activity • Relationship to body weight •  daily activities of life • Endurance training, aerobic exercise • Weight bearing exercise • Adjunct to diet • Maintenance of weight loss

  41. Be physically active each day • Health benefits of physical activity • Physical activity recommendations Adults -- 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most, preferably all, days of the wk. Children -- 60 min. moderate activity daily 60

  42. Strength training • Diabetes: improves glycemic control • Heart Disease: improve lipid profile, fitness • Arthritis: pain/stiffness,  flexibility • Osteoporosis: maintain bone mass • Obesity:  metabolism, weight control • Back pain: strength back, abdominal muscles • Sarcopenia: prevents muscle deterioration Growing Stronger: Strength Training for Older Adults (book) www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/growing_stronger/growing_stronger.pdf

  43. Diet and Body Composition Compare bone-muscle-fat mass of normal-dieter-obese patients

  44. Dean Ornish Program • Very low-fat, high-fiber whole food diet: Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free milk products, egg whites • Exercise: walking briskly 30 minutes a day • Stress reduction: Daily stretching, yoga, breathing, meditation • Group support: improve emotional, spiritual, and physical health PEIA, MSBCBS, Medicare & WVUH cover the costs for select patients who elect to follow Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease (started May 2002.). Ornish Spectrum (Advantage) Program for Preventing Heart Disease at WVUH (started Nov. 2003).

  45. Lifestyle Changes Genetic Expression • Telomeres: DNA-protein complexes protect the ends of chromosomes • Telomeres get shorter, life gets shorter • Telomerase: enzyme that repairs and lengthens telomeres • Biomarker: disease risk and premature death in breast, prostate, colorectal, lung cancers Ornish et al. 2008. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncology, 9, 1048–1057.

  46. Guidelines for Improving Adherence • Establish goal of therapy • Encourage lifestyle modification • Integrate therapy into daily routine • Encourage a positive attitude • Educate patient about disease • Maintain contact with patient • Utilize other health professionals • Keep care simple and affordable • Be a role model

  47. Educational Strategies • Elderly women: diet/health conscious • Victim to misinformation • Information needs and sources • Family and community resources • Making changes

  48. Key Points • Chronological age should not be the sole criteria for making treatment decisions • Risk for disease and disability increases with inadequate physical activity, genetic susceptibility, poor diet • Treatment of CVD risk factors may decrease the risk of dementia

  49. Case • A healthy, active, independent 85 year old woman with diabetes presents to you for care. She is concerned because her sister has a severe dementia. Other than a blood pressure of 150/70 and osteopenia, her PE is unremarkable.

  50. Case • Is her risk of dementia higher with an underlying diagnosis of diabetes? • What is the significance of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly? How should this be treated? • What treatment is recommended for osteopenia? • What is the average life expectancy of a healthy 80 –85 year old woman?

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