Moral Reasoning

1. Moral Reasoning Children face various social decisions as they grow and progress through the stages of life.

2. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

3. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian Family: • parents attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct

4. Parenting Styles • Democratic/Authoritative Family: • children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives

5. Parenting Styles • Permissive/ Laissez-faire Family: • children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children

6. Vocabulary • socialization:the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live • identification:the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent • sublimation:the process by redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks • role taking:children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view

7. Page 70 • Answer in your notes: • What are the effects of parenting styles? • How does Child Abuse impact development?

9. Psychosexual Theory on the Development of Personality • Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. • This psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.

10. Psychosexual Theory on the Development of Personality • If the stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur. • A fixation is a persistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. • Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain "stuck" in this stage. • For example, a person who is fixated at the oral stage may be over-dependent on others and may seek oral stimulation through smoking, drinking, or eating.

11. Oral Stage 0-18 months • One of Freud's five psychosexual stages of development where pleasure is centered in and around the mouth. • The oral stage is the initial stage of development. According to Freud, this is when infants will be found putting anything into their mouth including their thumbs.

12. Anal Stage (18-36 months) • The anal stage is one of the stages in Freud’s psychosexual theory of development, which occurs in the second year of life. During this stage, the anus becomes the focus of sexual gratification. • This occurs because the child finds sexual pleasure in the sensations that come with having or withholding bowel movements.

13. Phallic Stage (3-6 years) • One of Freud's five psychosexual stages of development where pleasure is centered around the genital region. • The phallic stage is the third stage of development and usually is between ages 3 and 7. • It is this stage where the child learns that there is a difference between males and females.

14. Latency Stage (6 years to puberty) • Latency is the fourth stage in Freud's Psychosexual theory of development, and it occurs from about age 5 or 6 to puberty. During the latency stage, a child's sexual impulses are repressed. • The reason for this is that during the stage before latency (phallic stage) the child resolves the Oedipus or Electra Complex which are such traumatic events that the child then repress all of his or her sexual impulses. • Interestingly, because this stage contains little or no psychosexual development, Freud was fairly uninterested in it.

15. Genital Stage (puberty on) • The genital stage is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development and begins in puberty. • During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made associations with one gender or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual contact with others. • The sexual contact sought has shifted from the opposite sex parent of the phallic stage (and overcoming this), and is now focused on opposite sex people of similar age. The pleasure that they gain is now through actual physical stimulation of the genitals by the opposite sex.

16. Erik Erikson • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vapEpQmz86o

17. Stage One: Trust versus Mistrust (Birth–1) Children are completely dependent on others Trust: Established when babies given adequate warmth, touching, love, and physical care Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents

18. Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1–3) Autonomy: Doing things for themselves Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions

19. Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3–5) Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a child’s questions

20. Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6–12) Industry: Occurs when child is praised for productive activities, such as painting and building Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are regarded as messy or inadequate

21. Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role Confusion Identity: For adolescents; problems answering, “Who am I?” Role Confusion: Occurs when adolescents are unsure of where they are going and who they are

22. Stage Six (Young Adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation Intimacy: Ability to care about others and to share experiences with them Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life

23. Stage Seven (Middle Adulthood): Generativity versus Stagnation Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation Stagnation: When one is only concerned with one’s own needs and comforts

24. Stage Eight (Late Adulthood): Integrity versus Despair Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people have lived richly and responsibly Despair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse