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B0H4M

B0H4M. CHAPTER 12. PERCEPTION. Perception. The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment. Psychological contract A set of expectations held by an individual about what will be given and received in the employment relationship.

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B0H4M

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  1. B0H4M CHAPTER 12

  2. PERCEPTION • Perception. • The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment. • Psychological contract • A set of expectations held by an individual about what will be given and received in the employment relationship.

  3. Perception and attribution. • Attribution • The process of developing explanations for events. • Fundamental attribution error • Occurs when observers blame another’s performance failures or problems on internal factors rather than external factors. • Self-serving bias • Occurs because individuals blame their personal performance failures or problems on external factors and attribute their successes to internal factors.

  4. Perceptual tendencies and distortions: • Stereotypes. • Halo effects. • Selective perception. • Projection. • Impression management • The systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us. • dress to convey positive appeal • flatter others to generate positive feelings • when conversing, make eye contact and smile • display a high level of energy

  5. 12.2 PERSONALITY • Personality • The combination or overall profile of characteristics that makes one person unique from others. • “Big Five” personality traits: • Extroversion. • Agreeableness. • Conscientiousness. • Emotional stability. • Openness

  6. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: • Extraverted vs. introverted —whether a person tends toward being outgoing and sociable, or shy and quiet • Sensing vs. intuitive —whether a person tends to focus on details or on the big picture in dealing with problems • Thinking vs. feeling —whether a person tends to rely on logic or emotions in dealing with problems • Judging vs. perceiving —whether a person prefers order and control, or acts with flexibility and spontaneity

  7. Other Personality Traits • Locus of control • Authoritarianism • Machiavellianism • Self-Monitoring • Type A personality

  8. 12.3 ATTITUDES • Attitude. • A predisposition to act in a certain way toward people and things in one’s environment. • Components of attitudes: • Cognitive component. • Affective or emotional component. • Behavioural component. • Cognitive dissonance. • The discomfort a person feels when attitudes and behaviour are inconsistent.

  9. Job satisfaction. • The degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of work. • Common aspects of job satisfaction: • Work itself. • Supervision. • Co-workers. • Advancement opportunities. • Pay • Work conditions. • Security.

  10. Strong and positive relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover. • Satisfaction-related concepts having quality of work life implications … • Job involvement • The extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job. • Organizational commitment • Loyalty of an individual to the organization. • Employee engagement • Willingness to help others and do extra. ORGANITIONAL CITIZENSHIP

  11. 12.4 EMOTIONS, MOODS AND STRESS • Emotions • It is a strong feeling directed toward someone or something • Moods • They are generalized positive and negative feelings or states of mind that may persist for some time. • Stress • A state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities. • Stressors • Things that cause stress • Originate in work, personal, and nonwork situations. • Have the potential to influence work attitudes, behaviour, job performance, and health

  12. Work factors as potential stressors: • Includes: • Excessively high or low task demands. • Role conflicts or ambiguities. • Poor interpersonal relationships. • Too slow or too fast career progress. • Work-related stress syndromes: • Set up to fail. • Mistaken identity.

  13. Consequences of stress: • Constructive stress. • Acts as a positive influence. • Can be energizing and performance enhancing. • Destructive stress. • Acts as a negative influence. • Breaks down a person’s physical and mental systems. • Can lead to job burnout and/or workplace rage.

  14. Personal wellness: • The pursuit of personal and mental potential though a personal health-promotion program. • A form of preventative stress management. • Enables people to be better prepared to deal with stress.

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