Chapter 4, part B

1. Chapter 4, part B Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

2. Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Enzymes for ATP production • Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids

3. Plasma Membrane • Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

4. Movement Across Membranes • Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

5. Movement Across Membranes Figure 4.17

6. Movement Across Membranes • Osmosis • Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. • Osmotic pressure • The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Figure 4.18a

7. Figure 4.18c-e

8. Movement Across Membranes • Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. • Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

9. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane Figure 4.6a, b

10. Nuclear Area • Nuclear area (nucleoid) Figure 4.6a, b

11. Ribosomes Figure 4.6a

12. Ribosomes Figure 4.19

13. Inclusions • Phosphate reserves • Energy reserves • Energy reserves • Energy reserves • Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation • Protein covered cylinders • Iron oxide (destroys H2O2) • Metachromatic granules (volutin) • Polysaccharide granules • Lipid inclusions • Sulfur granules • Carboxysomes • Gas vacuoles • Magnetosomes

14. Endospores • Resting cells • Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals • Bacillus, Clostridium • Sporulation: Endospore formation • Germination: Return to vegetative state

15. Figure 4.21a

16. Eukaryotic Cells • Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. • Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

17. Figure 4.22a

18. Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.23a, b

19. Microtubules • Tubulin • 9 pairs + 2 arrangements Figure 4.23c

20. Cell Wall • Cell wall • Plants, algae, fungi • Carbohydrates • Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan • Glycocalyx • Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane • Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

21. Plasma Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins • Sterols • Glycocalyx carbohydrates

22. Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Simple diffusion • Facilitative diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles • Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

23. Eukaryotic Cell • Cytoplasm Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus • Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm • Cytoskeleton Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules • Cytoplasmic streaming Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

24. Organelles • Membrane-bound: • Nucleus Contains chromosomes • ER Transport network • Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion • Lysosome Digestive enzymes • Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support • Mitochondrion Cellular respiration • Chloroplast Photosynthesis • Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

25. Eukaryotic Cell • Not membrane-bound: • Ribosome Protein synthesis • Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and centrioles • Centriole Mitotic spindle formation

26. Nucleus Figure 4.24

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 4.25

28. Ribosomes • 80S • Membrane-bound Attached to ER • Free In cytoplasm • 70S • In chloroplasts and mitochondria

29. Golgi Complex Figure 4.26

30. Lysosomes Figure 4.22b

31. Vacuoles Figure 4.22b

32. Mitochondrion Figure 4.27

33. Chloroplast Figure 4.28

34. Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2