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Chapter 4, part B

Chapter 4, part B. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Plasma Membrane. Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids. Plasma Membrane.

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Chapter 4, part B

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  1. Chapter 4, part B Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

  2. Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Enzymes for ATP production • Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids

  3. Plasma Membrane • Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

  4. Movement Across Membranes • Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

  5. Movement Across Membranes Figure 4.17

  6. Movement Across Membranes • Osmosis • Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. • Osmotic pressure • The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Figure 4.18a

  7. Figure 4.18c-e

  8. Movement Across Membranes • Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. • Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

  9. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane Figure 4.6a, b

  10. Nuclear Area • Nuclear area (nucleoid) Figure 4.6a, b

  11. Ribosomes Figure 4.6a

  12. Ribosomes Figure 4.19

  13. Inclusions • Phosphate reserves • Energy reserves • Energy reserves • Energy reserves • Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation • Protein covered cylinders • Iron oxide (destroys H2O2) • Metachromatic granules (volutin) • Polysaccharide granules • Lipid inclusions • Sulfur granules • Carboxysomes • Gas vacuoles • Magnetosomes

  14. Endospores • Resting cells • Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals • Bacillus, Clostridium • Sporulation: Endospore formation • Germination: Return to vegetative state

  15. Figure 4.21a

  16. Eukaryotic Cells • Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. • Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

  17. Figure 4.22a

  18. Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.23a, b

  19. Microtubules • Tubulin • 9 pairs + 2 arrangements Figure 4.23c

  20. Cell Wall • Cell wall • Plants, algae, fungi • Carbohydrates • Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan • Glycocalyx • Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane • Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

  21. Plasma Membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Transmembrane proteins • Sterols • Glycocalyx carbohydrates

  22. Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules • Simple diffusion • Facilitative diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport • Endocytosis • Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles • Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

  23. Eukaryotic Cell • Cytoplasm Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus • Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm • Cytoskeleton Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules • Cytoplasmic streaming Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

  24. Organelles • Membrane-bound: • Nucleus Contains chromosomes • ER Transport network • Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion • Lysosome Digestive enzymes • Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support • Mitochondrion Cellular respiration • Chloroplast Photosynthesis • Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

  25. Eukaryotic Cell • Not membrane-bound: • Ribosome Protein synthesis • Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and centrioles • Centriole Mitotic spindle formation

  26. Nucleus Figure 4.24

  27. Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 4.25

  28. Ribosomes • 80S • Membrane-bound Attached to ER • Free In cytoplasm • 70S • In chloroplasts and mitochondria

  29. Golgi Complex Figure 4.26

  30. Lysosomes Figure 4.22b

  31. Vacuoles Figure 4.22b

  32. Mitochondrion Figure 4.27

  33. Chloroplast Figure 4.28

  34. Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2

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