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EEP 143 Lecture 10 Case Studies*

EEP 143 Lecture 10 Case Studies*. Outline: Ink-Jet Printer Email Hybrid Corn Green Revolution * we’ll revisit these again later, too!. Case Study: Ink-Jet Printer. Canon and HP Search for cheaper, fast, colored alternative to laser Role of creative attention to analogies:

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EEP 143 Lecture 10 Case Studies*

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  1. EEP 143 Lecture 10Case Studies* • Outline: • Ink-Jet Printer • Email • Hybrid Corn • Green Revolution * we’ll revisit these again later, too!

  2. Case Study: Ink-Jet Printer • Canon and HP • Search for cheaper, fast, colored alternative to laser • Role of creative attention to analogies: • Solder iron touched syringe (Canon) • Coffee percolator (HP)

  3. Ink-Jet Printer • Practice ahead of theory: phreatic reaction • not yet understood • Competitors both with patent suites • Duplication or?

  4. Ink-Jet Printer • Practice ahead of theory: phreatic reaction • not yet understood • Competitors both with patent suites • Collaboration on complementary technology • Print heads, then ink, paper feed, software • Initially unsatisfactory progress • Role of Demand: need for color saves the day

  5. Case Study: Email • Serendipity • Role of enabling innovations

  6. Case Study: Hybrid Corn • Griliches (1960) examined the economic reasons why the diffusion of hybrid corn was so different among different areas in the US • Note that the following graph is taken from Griliches, Z. (1960). "Hybrid Corn and the Economics of Innovation." Science132(3422): 275-280. • He identified the general pattern of the S-shaped curve and saw that there are three important parameters that differentiate the type of diffusion: • Date of beginning • Relative speed (slope) • Final level (carrying capacity)

  7. Case Study: Hybrid Corn • Relative speed: • Reflects difference in profitability across regions • reflects differences across farmers within regions • Many farmers had to be first to be convinced for the superiority of the seed • It was also due to absolute size of increase in profits; the percentage change in profits was the same for all farmers but big farms would have big absolute change in profits, justifying higher adjustment costs of faster adoption • Final level: • As in relative speed, that depended on the change in profits

  8. Case Study: Hybrid Corn • In turn he examined the economic reasons were different among different states • Date of entry: • Innovators entered states where the expected profits were higher • Different seeds had to be developed for different areas; however, seeds didn’t have to be different across latitude • So, areas were adopting by similarity of latitude • North states entered faster because there were bigger markets for corn

  9. Case Study Hybrid Corn

  10. Case Study: Green Revolution • Evenson and Gollin (2003) examined the development of modern high-yielding crop varieties (MVs) throughout different areas of the world • They saw that different areas differed in the rate of diffusion in the MVs • Also they found that the Green Revolution didn’t stop in the 60’s; instead it was just beginning • They found that the contribution of the innovative MVs on productivity was more influential during 1981 to 2000

  11. Case Study: Green Revolution • Role of International Agricultural Research Centers: plant type as platform • Adopted as parents by NARS • Role of National Agricultural Research Centers (NARS) • Essential adaptive research • Little influence on other countries

  12. Case Study: Green Revolution • Role of International Agricultural Research Centers: • plant type as platform • Adopted as parents by NARS • Role of National Agricultural Research Centers (NARS) • Essential adaptive research • Little influence on other countries • Negligible role of developed country plant breeding • Essential adaptive research • Little influence on other countries

  13. Case Study: Green Revolution • Need for long-term cumulative investment • Knowledge • Elite “germplasm” (genetic material for breeding – e.g. seed • Wheat, rice had head start • Root crops, beans etc now showing gains • Sub-Sahara Africa as special challenge • environmental effect of yield growth • Human nutritional effect

  14. Case Study: Green Revolution Evenson, R. E. and D. Gollin (2003). "Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000." Science300(5620):

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