Phonetics and Phonology 语音学 音系学

1. Phonetics and Phonology语音学 音系学 Chapter 2

2. Phonetics vs. Phonology: Definition • Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received. • Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. • Distinction: meaning

3. Phonetics vs. Phonology: Essential Concepts Phonetics: -- voiceless vs. voiced Phonology -- phoneme -- suprasegmental features

4. Ex.: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系学研究too中的/u:/替换为/i:/，意思就变为tea。

5. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

6. Fields of Phonetics （p. 44) Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学): -- speaker’s production Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学): -- transmission’s medium Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学): -- receiver’s reception

7. Articulation of Sounds(p.45) Speech organs

9. Position of the vocal folds: (p. 45) voiceless (清音) and voicing(浊音)

10. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.

11. Description of Consonants (p.53) • Three steps: -- voiced or voiceless -- place of articulation -- manner of articulation

12. p b t d k g [?] [?] tʃ dʒ f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ m n ŋ l r w j

13. Description of Vowels (p. 52) 1. Openness of oral cavity: Close, open / Low, mid, high 2. Tongue retraction and extension: Front, central, back 3. Lip rounding: rounded, unrounded

14. 4. the number of vowels Monophthongs: [i:], [ɔ:], [u:], [ə:], [ɑ:] --long vowel [i], [ɔ], [ʌ], [e], [æ], [ə], [u] --short vowel Diphthongs: [ei], [ai], [ɔi], [ɛə], [uə], [iə], [au], [əu] Triphthongs: Fire [faiə], hour [auə], loir [lɔiə]山鼠类, lower [ləuə], mayor [meiə=mɛə]

15. In each of the following pairs of words, the bold italicized sounds differ by one or more phonetic properties（features). Give the symbol for each of the italicized sounds, state their differences and, in addition, state what properties they have in common. • Example: phone-phonic • The o in phone is mid and unrounded • The o in phonic is low and rounded • Both are back vowels.

16. bath—bathe • reduce—reduction • cool—cold • cats—dogs • impolite—indecent

17. English has a number of expressions such as “chit-chat” and “flip-flop” which never seem to occur in the reverse order（i.e. chat-chit, flop-flip）. Here are more examples of this kind: • criss-cross hip-hop riff-raff • dilly-dally knick-knacks see-saw • ding-dong mish-mash sing-song • fiddle-faddle ping-pong tick-tock • flim-flam piter-patter zig-zag • Explain why the expressions never occur in the reverse order.

18. Explanation • In the ablaut reduplications, the first vowel is almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel. There is also a tendency for the first vowel to be front and the second vowel to be back.

19. Phonology • Phone (p. 64): A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. All the speech sounds we produce are phones. Take the sounds in the following words for example: feel, leaf, top, stop — [f] [i:] [l] [s] [t].

20. Phonology (p. 56-8) Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words. 举例： beat vs. seat, pig vs. peg, Phonemes are usually put between two slashes: /p/ /b/ /θ/ ð/

21. Allophone (p. 57) • Phonemes are abstract units and cannot be read out. Its realization in certain phonetic environments results in allophones, variants of the phoneme. Allophones are put between two brackets. [p] [ph], [t][th], [k] • Ex. -- pin[phin] vs. stop [stɔp] -- cape [kheip] vs. kick [khik] -- bad [b’æd] vs. bed [bed]

22. More Examples scar [k] class [kh ] skin [c] kiss [ch ] cocktail [k﹁] factory [c﹁] give [ ] garden [g ] /g/ /k/ spit [p] pity [ph] stop talking [p﹁] /p/

23. More examples lead [l] milk [ ] stop [t] top [th ] written [?] get to [t﹁] eighth [ ] /l/ pet [e] pen [ ] / t / /e/ meat [m] comfort [ ] /m/

24. (a) /tip/ (b) /bi:n/ (c) /kis/ (d) /wi:k/ (e) /fel/ [thip] [bĩn] [khis] [wi: k﹁] [fel] Change the following phonemic transcriptions into phonetic transcriptions :

25. Minimal Pairs (p. 58) • Minimal Pairs :If two words are identical in form except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. i.e. fine vs. vine; crick vs. creek, bowl vs. dole; lobe vs. load; thigh vs. thy • Minimal set: beat, bit, bait, bet, bat, bite

26. Complementary Distribution (p. 64) • If two or more phones never occur in the same phonological context, they are in complementary distribution. 1. Allophones of one phoneme: -- aspirated and unaspirated stops 2. The velar nasal [ŋ] and the glottal glide [h]

27. tar / star sing / hat tar / car written/written (p. 59)

28. Distinctive Features (p. 60)区别性特征 A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.

29. /k/, /g/ /n/, /l/ /i/, /u/ /i/, /e/ /æ/, /ɔ:/ /s/, /f/ /-voiced/, /+voiced/ /+nasal/, /-nasal/ /+front//-rounded/, /-front//+rounded/ /+high/, /-high/ /+front/, /-front/ /+sibilant/, /-sibilant/ List features that can differentiate the following pairs of sounds:

30. Sequential Constraints (p. 62) • Explain why: church—churches, ooze—oozes, kiss—kisses, but death—deaths, cloth--clothes • Sibilants [ʧ] [ʤ] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] are not allowed to be followed by another sibilant, but [θ] and [ð] aren’t sibilants (齿擦音).

31. Homorganic Consonants (p.63) • Explain why: im-possible, im-moral, but in-decisive, in-tangible • The phoneme following the negative prefix (im or in) must have the same place of articulation with n or m. • This constraint leads to assimilation (同化) : p.51 • 在in-discrete中，n发成[n] 在in-conceivable中，n发成[ŋ] 在in-put中，n发成[m]

32. Suprasegmental features (超切分特征) p. 65 Suprasegmental features: non-segmental phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments

33. Syllable 音节 (p. 66) Syllable = (onset)首音 + peak音节峰 + (coda)尾音 step /st/ /e/ p/ onset peak coda syllable core

34. Word Stress (p. 67) • The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word: • Ex.: verb: im5port; in5crease; re5bel; re5cord … noun: 5import; 5increase; 5rebel; 5record … • Compounds have initial stress while adj. nouns stress the noun, eg. -- hotdog: a kind of food -- White House -- hot dog:an overheated dog -- white house

35. Sentence Stress (p. 68) • Sentence stress----Generally, nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, and demonstrative pronouns are stressed. Other categories like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are usually not stressed. • Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the following sentences: He is driving my car. My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.

36. Pitch and Intonation • The meaning of a pitch will strongly be affected by the context in which it appears. • yes yesyesyesyes Fall low riselevelhigh riserise fall Agree go onboredsurpriseinsist Assert impatientquestion neutral

37. Intonation 语调 (p. 70) • When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation. • English has two types of intonation that are most frequently used: -- falling (matter of fact statement) -- rising (doubts or question)

38. Examples of Intonation He is not ↘there. He is not ↗there? Your father is a teacher, isn’t ↗ he? Your father is a teacher, isn’t ↘ he? What did you put in your ↘drink, ↗ Jane? What did you put in your ↗ drink, ↘ Jane?

39. Tone 声调 (p. 71) • Mandarin普通话, Cantonese广东话, and Vietnamese越南话 are examples of contour tone languages. • Register tone languages (predominately in Africa) have level tones (平调), usu. in just two pitch registers: high and low.