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Chapter 2 Phonetics

Chapter 2 Phonetics. Phonetics. A science to study how linguistic sounds are produced. Three subfields of phonetics: acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. To describe how linguistic sounds are produced. Outline. 1. Backgrounds.

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Chapter 2 Phonetics

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  1. Chapter 2 Phonetics

  2. Phonetics • A science to study how linguistic sounds are produced. • Three subfields of phonetics: acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, and articulatory phonetics. To describe how linguistic sounds are produced.

  3. Outline

  4. 1. Backgrounds 1.1 Segments and transcription 1.2 Speech organs 1.3 Phonation 1.4 Distinction between vowels and consonants

  5. 1.1 Segments and Transcription Spoken sounds written wowrds disappear as soon as they are uttered can be reserved for a long time IPA Phonetic transcription system Sounds were transcribed for teaching & studying Recorders

  6. 1.1 Segments and Transcription • Ex: Takebanuad spoken by Bunun in Xingyi, Nantou. Unintelligible sounds =Noises 1. “ Where is the teacher?” 2. A sentence composed of seven syllables I-isaq-a-masnanava?’ IPA Sounds cannot be written but they can be transcribed.

  7. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) • Designed in 1821 by International Phonetic Association (also abbreviated as IPA). • The version in 1995:

  8. 1.2 Speech organs • Any sound is produced with three factors: 1. a vibrator 2. a force to make it vibrate 3. a transmission media • Ex: the vibrator : six cords the force that makes cords vibrate : fingers the transmission : air

  9. 1.2 Speech organs • Three Steps of sound production: 1. inhale air and save it in our lungs 2. when we speak, press our lungs so an airstream will come out 3. the airstream vibrates vocal cords, resulting in waves The waves was transmissioned to audience’s ears. the vibrator : vocal cords The force makes vocal cords vibrate : the airstream saved in our lungs the transmission : air

  10. 1.3 Phonation • Phonation : production of voiced and voiceless sounds due to the close or open of the vocal cords in the larynx.

  11. (voiceless consonants) open in 60%-95% Airstream comes out without vibrating the vocal cords English [p, t, k, f, , s, h, , t] Chinese [p, ph, f, t, th, k, kh, ts, tsh, s, , t, th, , t, th, h] (voiced consonants) Airstream vibrates English [b, d, g,, m, n, N , v,  , d, z, l, r, w, j] Chinese [l, m, n, N, w, j]

  12. 1.3 Phonation • Two ways to identify voiceless and voiced: • 1. Put your hands over the larynx, feel the vibration of the vocal cords. • 2. Cover your ears with your hands. When a voiced sound is produced, you can hear a hissing sound, much like a bee’s buzzing. • Ex: [s] from [z] → repeat sssszzzzsss.

  13. 1.3 Phonation • Aspiration: a voiceless consonant produced with the duration of noiselessness e.g. English [ph] in pie [phai] Chinese [ph] in assign [phai] [th] in tie [thai] [th] in too much [thai] [kh] in kite [khait] [kh] in fast [khuai] • Unaspirated: consonants produced without such a voiceless duration e.g. English [p] in spy [spai] [t] in stick [stik] [k] in sky [skai].

  14. 1.4 Disctinction between vowels and consonants What is a vowel? What is a consonant? What are the differences?

  15. 1.4 Disctinction between vowels and consonants 1. Vowels differ from consonants in waveforms. • vowels: periodic • consonants: aperiodic.

  16. 1.4 Disctinction between vowels and consonants 2. Vowels differ from consonants in oral cavity. • vowel: the oral cavity is wide enough without incurring any friction. • consonant: part of the tongue body is raised over a certain point in such a way that a narrow cavity emerges, which in turn causes friction.

  17. 1.4 Disctinction between vowels and consonants 3. Vowels differ from consonants in formants. • vowels: there are formants • consonants: the formants are far less clear for consonants.

  18. 1.4 Disctinction between vowels and consonants 4. Vowels differ from consonants in the position of a syllable. • vowel: usually occurs in the nucleus position of a syllable. • Consonant: usually does not occur in the nucleus position. e.g. In the syllable [hd] (head), [] is the nucleus [h] is onset [d] is coda

  19. 2. Place of articulation

  20. Place of articulation • Organs are divided into two types: laryngeal and supralaryngeal place manner voiced voiceless

  21. Place of articulation • The velum will decide whether the air stream has to pass either oral or nasal cavity, or both.

  22. Place of articulation 1. Nasal: English [m, n, N]. 2. Nasalized: Taiwanese [i(], [e)], [a)], [o)] [i)]= ‘yard’ [e)]= ‘baby’ [a)]= ‘to bend’ [o)]= ‘to make a baby sleep’ 3. Oral: English [i, e, o, , æ]

  23. Place of articulation Passive(cannot move freely) Active(mainly our tongue)

  24. 3. Consonants

  25. Consonants

  26. Bilabial consonants [b, p, pH, m] • Three steps for the production of bilabial consonants: 1. Squeeze the lungs so that the airstream would come to the oral cavity. 2. Stop the airstream by closing the upper and the lower lips. 3. Release the airstream by opening the oral cavity. Stop consonant(plosive consonants): When the airstream coming from lungs it is stopped

  27. Distinctive features • In the field of phonology and phonetics, we use distinctive features to characterize sounds. • Distinctive features are essentially based on place and manner of articulation. • All the features are marked by [+] or [-]. • e.g. A [+] denotes the presence of that feature A [-] denotes the absence from that feature describe whether the airstream is stopped or continuous

  28. Distinctive features

  29. Consonants

  30. Labio-dental consonants [f, v] • /f/, /v/: Produced by having the upper teeth put on the lower lip. • Continuents: The point where the upper teeth and the lower lip are put together is not so tight that the airstream from the lungs can barely go through. • Fricative consonants:Some friction in the narrow cavity between the upper teeth and the lower lip forces (f, v,) stop continuent

  31. Interdental consonants [, ] • //, //:Produced by putting the tip of the tongue between the upper and the lower teeth. • Fricative continuents : Although the tip is put between the upper and the lower teeth, some space is left for the airstream, making it continuous. • Voiced: // • Voiceless: //

  32. Distinctive features

  33. Consonants

  34. Alveolar [d, t. n. l, s, z] • /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/, /s/, /z/: Produced in the same manner by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar. • Three steps of the production of alveolar stops: 1. Puff the airstream out of the oral cavity. 2. Stop the airstream somewhere. 3. Release the airstream when followed by a vowel. • [d, t, th, n] differ from [b, p, ph, m] in place. The airstream is stopped at the point where the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar. The airstream is stopped at the point where the upper and the lower lips are closed.

  35. Alveolar [d, t. n. l, s, z] • Fricative continuents: The tip of the tongue merely touches the alveolar in such a way that some space is left for the airstream to pass through • Sibilants : All of the fricative consonants come up with some turbulent noises due to the friction

  36. Consonants coronal

  37. Coronal [d, t, th, n, s, z] • Coronal: The area from the alveolar to the post- alveolar. • All the consonants produced at any point of the coronal, are of the feature [+coronal]. • [d, t, th] are [-nasal], while [n] is [+nasal], owing to the different position of the velum.

  38. Consonants

  39. Post-alveolar [, ] • / /, / /: Produced by raising the tip of the tongue up to the post-alveolar • Also called alveo-palatal: A little back from the alveolar and it is part of the hard palatal. • [+coronal] • Voiced: / / • Voiceless: / /

  40. Anterior • Anterior: Adopted for the distinction between segments produced before the alveolar and those after that. • [+anterior]: labials, labio-dentals, alveolars • [-anterior]: post-alveolars anterior

  41. Affricate consonants [t, d] • Affricate: A combination of a stop and a fricative. • There is a very short closure for the airstream, and then in a very short time it is open for the airstream to come out. • Voiced: /d/ • Voiceless: /t/ e.g.: white sheep [wait ip] → [waitip] white shoes →why choose

  42. Liquids [r, l] • /r/: the tip of the tongue is a little curled back, when it is raised upward • To compare with [l], [r] leaves more space between the tip of the tongue and the post-alveolar ridge. • Liquid: Can be produced or perceived differently depending on different individuals, like water. /l/+vowel → clear /l/ (let) vowel + /l/ → dark or velarized /l/ (tell)

  43. Consonants

  44. Velar stop consonants [g, k, kh,] • Very much like other stops [b, p, ph, m] and [d, t, th, n] in place and manner of articulation. • The closure point lies in the contact between the tongue body (specifically the dorsal) and the velar velar nasal

  45. Velar stop consonants [g, k, kh,] • Three steps for the production of stop consonants: 1. Press the lungs so that airstream is pushed out. 2. Stop the airstream by raising the back of the dorsal to contact the velar. 3. Release the airflow when it is followed by a vowel. • [b, p, ph, m] • [d, t, th, n] • [g, k, kh, ] The closure lies in the closure of the upper and the lower lips. The closure occurs because of the tight contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar. The closure occurs in the dorsal and the velar.

  46. 4. Consonants: Manner of Articulation 4.1 Obstruents 4.2 Sonorants

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