Photonic- Phononic- and Meta-Material Group Activities

1. TETY Photonic- Phononic- and Meta-Material Group Activities Mainly theory, also experiment (characterization) Main research topics Metamaterials Photonic crystals Plasmonic structures Web: http://esperia.iesl.forth.gr/~ppm

2. Main group members TETY • Senior • C. M. Soukoulis (TETY/FORTH) • M. Kafesaki (FORTH/TETY) • E. N. Economou (FORTH) • N. Katsarakis (TEI/FORTH) • Th. Koschny (FORTH/ISU) • PhD • T. Gundogdu (exp) • Post-docs • G. Kenanakis (exp) • N. H. Shen • R. S. Penciu • A. Reyes-Coronado • S. Foteinopoulou • Students • N. Vasilantonakis (exp) • Ch. Mavidis • I. Tsiapa (exp)

3. Main collaborations TETY • FORTH-IESL • G. Konstantinidis’ group - microfabrication • M. Farsari’s group - direct laser writing • S. Tzortzakis’ group - THz time domain spectroscopy M. Wegener’s group @ Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany E. Ozbay’s group @ Bilkent University, Turkey J. Pendry’s group @ Imperial College, UK V. Orera group @ Univ. of Zaragoza, Spain Profactor company, Austria ….

4. Publications (2006-2010) TETY Publications number (with TETY affiliation): ~70 (3 Science, 4 PRL, 4 OL, 26 PRB, 7 APL, 11 OE) Citation number for these publications: ~2000

5. EM properties Electrical permittivity Magnetic permeability Metamaterials TETY Artificial, structured (in sub-wavelength scale) materials Electromagnetic (EM) properties derive from shape and distribution of constituent units (usually metallic & dielectric components) EM properties not-encountered in natural materials Possibility to engineer electromagnetic properties

6. Novel and unique propagation characteristics in those materials! Negative ε, μ, n Left-handed metamaterials TETY Negative electrical permittivity () Negative magnetic permeability () Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968)

7. Negative refraction LHM, n2<0 AIR air LHM air Flat lenses - “Perfect” lenses (subwavelength resolution) Novel phenomena in left-handed metamaterials TETY Backwards propagation (opposite phase & energy velocity) θ2 θ1 S=E×H source S • Zero-reflection possibility • Opposite Doppler effect • Opposite Cherenkov radiation • …… • Interesting physical system • New possibilities for light manipulation  important potential applications

8. Exploiting the subwavelength resolution capabilities of LHMs Application areas of left-handed metamaterials TETY New solutions and possibilities in • Imaging/microscopy • Lithography • Data storage • Communications and information processing (subwavelength guides, optimized/miniaturized antennas & filters, improved transmission lines ...) • ….

9. Metamaterials beyond negative index TETY High index metamaterials Shrinkage of devices Cloaking Low index metamaterials Parallel beam formation Indefinite media Hyperlensing Single-negative media Bi-anisotropic media

10. Split Ring Resonator (SRR), Pendry, 1999 j Short-slabs-pair, Shalaev, 2002 E Designing left-handed metamaterials TETY Most common approach: Merging structures of negative permittivity (ε) with structures of negative permeability (μ) Negative permeability:Structures of resonant loop-currents C L Negative permittivity: Continuous wires

11. Microwave (mm-scale) structures TETY

12. 780 nm Micro and nano-scale structures TETY 1.4 μm Fabricated in MRG

13. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials– reduce losses in metamaterials • Achievethree-dimensionalisotropic left-handed metamaterials • Createswitchableandtunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyzenew designsandapproachesfor negative refraction and other interesting effects (chiral, anisotropic, polaritonicmetamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena andpossibilitiesin metamaterials

14. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials– reduce losses in metamaterials • Achieve three-dimensional isotropic left-handed metamaterials • Create switchable and tunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyze new designs and approaches for negative refraction and other interesting effects (chiral, anisotropic, polaritonicmetamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena and possibilities in metamaterials

15. Optical metamaterials Five layers ! 5m THz and optical structures TETY Fabricated in Crete n<0 @ 1.4 μm Re(n)=-0.6 @ 780 nm Silver in polyimide Optics Letters 30, 1348 (2005) μ<0 @ ~6 THz

16. Optical metamaterials “Magnetic” metamaterials response in high frequencies TETY Al metal Glass substrate No negative permeability at arbitrarily high frequencies Results not affected by metal losses Reducing a a: u.c. size • Saturationof response frequency in small length scales (a<500 nm) • Vanishing of negative permeability band-width • Weakening of permeability resonance

17. Lasing ωa pump Optical metamaterials with gain TETY Gain atoms (4-level) embedded in host medium: In Finite Difference Time Domain Method are driven oscillators which couple to the local E field Rate equations: Same method for examining lasing threshold in photonic crystals (with M. Farsari) Driven oscillators: Maxwell’s equations: σa is the coupling strength of P to the external E field and ΔN=N2-N1 C. Soukoulis’ collaboration with Karlsruhe and MRG Phys. Rev. B: 79, 241104 (Rapid) (2009)

18. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials – reduce losses in metamaterials • Achieve three-dimensionalisotropic left-handed metamaterials • Create switchable and tunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyze new designs and approaches for negative index behaviour (chiral or anisotropic metamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena and possibilities in metamaterials

19. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials – reduce losses in metamaterials • Achieve three-dimensional isotropic left-handed metamaterials • Create switchable and tunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyze new designs and approaches for negative index behaviour (chiral or anisotropic metamaterials) • To explore novel phenomena and possibilities in metamaterials

20. Switchable and tunable metamaterials TETY UV The principle: Collaboration with S. Tzortzakis’ group Blue-shift tunable metamaterials & Dual-band switches PRB, 79, 161102 (R) (2009)

21. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials – reduce losses in metamaterials • Achieve three-dimensional metamaterials • Create switchable and tunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyze new designs and approaches for negative refraction and other interesting effects (chiral, anisotropic, polaritonicmetamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena and possibilities in metamaterials

22. New designs/approaches Negative refractive index in chiral media TETY Chiral structure: not-identical to its mirror image • Different index for left- and right-handed circularly polarized waves • Alternative path to achieve negative index • Besides negative index: • Polarization rotation • Circular dichroism Negative index Large polarization rotation Large circular dichroism

23. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials – reduce losses in metamaterials • Achieve three-dimensional metamaterials • Create switchable and tunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyze new designs and approaches for negative refraction and other interesting effects (chiral, anisotropic, polaritonicmetamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena and possibilities in metamaterials

24. Novel phenomena and possibilities in metamaterials TETY • Super-lensing in anisotropic “negative” metamaterials • Electromagnetically-induced-transparency in metamaterials • Repulsive Casimir force in chiral metamaterials

25. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials– reduce losses in metamaterials • Achievethree-dimensionalmetamaterials • Createswitchableandtunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyzenew designsandapproachesfor negative refraction and other interesting effects (chiral, anisotropic, polaritonicmetamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena andpossibilitiesin metamaterials Photonic crystals Plasmonic systems Besides metamaterials ?

26. Lasing threshold for 2D inverse photonic crystals (TM) TETY Air Gain Thickness: 8400 nm E k H Lattice constant a = 840 nm Width of square hole: w = 540 nm Emission frequency: 100 THz Dielectric constant of gain: 11.7 Much lower lasing threshold (at upper band edge) than bulk gain

27. Main investigation aims/directions TETY • Analyze, understand, optimize and tailor metamaterial response • Achieve optical metamaterials– reduce losses in metamaterials • Achievethree-dimensionalmetamaterials • Createswitchableandtunablemetamaterials • Devise/analyzenew designsandapproachesfor negative refraction and other interesting effects (chiral, anisotropic, polaritonicmetamaterials) • Explore novel phenomena andpossibilitiesin metamaterials Thank you. Photonic crystals Plasmonic systems Besides metamaterials ?