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STEM AND BRANCH PATHOLOGY TOPICS

STEM AND BRANCH PATHOLOGY TOPICS. Organisms involved Causes Types of diseases and causal genera and species Management. 1. Causes - both abiotic and biotic agents

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STEM AND BRANCH PATHOLOGY TOPICS

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  1. STEM AND BRANCH PATHOLOGY TOPICS • Organisms involved • Causes • Types of diseases and causal genera and species • Management

  2. 1. Causes - both abiotic and biotic agents Abiotic agents - wind and branch and stem breakage (increased by decay), ice and snow breakage, lightning, lawn mower and weed whacker injury, etc. Biotic agents – phytoplasmas, bacteria, fungi, mistletoes, (not many viruses in stems and branches of woody plants).

  3. 2. Organisms involved a. Phytoplasmas – yellows, wilts b. Bacteria  - galls

  4. c. Fungi True Fungi Ascomycota and Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) - cankers   Basidiomycota – decay fungi Fungus-like organisms Oomycota (stem cankers occasionally – Sudden oak death)

  5. d. Parasitic plants true mistletoes – hardwoods dwarf mistletoes – conifers

  6. 3. Types of diseases and common causal genera or species • Stem Decay – • Ganodermaapplanatum(Artist conk – conifers and hardwoods) • Postia sericeomolis – Pocket rot of W. redcedar • Phellinus igniarius - common on willow, alder and other hardwoods • Fomes fomentarius – white spongy trunk rot • Hardwoods –birch, alder, poplar • Fomitopsis pinicola – Red belt fungus (mostly dead conifers) • Phaeolusschweintizii(conifers).

  7. b. Mistletoes - conifers (dwarf mistletoes - Arceuthobium), hardwoods (true mistletoes - Phoradendron) • c. Cankers (Nectria, Cytospora, Hypoxylon (hardwoods), Neofusicoccum (madrone) , Phytophthora • Galls (Agrobacteriumtumefacians (many hosts), western gall rust caused by Endocronartiumharknessii - lodgepole pine

  8. e. Rusts (White pine blister rust (5 needle pines) - Cronartiumribicola, western gall rust - Endocronartiumharknessii, f. Vascular wilts - Dutch elm disease (Ophiostomaulmi), Verticillium wilt, fireblight of cherries

  9. STEM DECAYS

  10. Ganoderma applanatum – Artist Conk

  11. Artist conk on crabapple on campus

  12. Postia sericeomolis – Pocket rot of cedar

  13. Phellinus igniarius - common on willow, alder and other hardwoods

  14. Fomes fomentarius – white spongy trunk rot Hardwoods –birch, alder, poplar

  15. Fomitopsis pinicola – Red belt fungus

  16. Phaeolus schweinitzii

  17. COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF DECAY

  18. Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees - CODIT

  19. Wall 1 -Vertical ends of Cells – tracheids and vessels - weakest Wall 2 - Internal annual rings Wall 3 - Ray parenchyma cells o Phenolic chemicals laid down (fungicidal) Wall 4 - Annual ring at the time of wounding - strongest

  20. WILDLIFE ASSOCIATED WITH DECAY IN LIVING TREES

  21. WILDLIFE USING DECAYED TREES Bats Black bears Woodpeckers - number of species American Martens Vaux’s swifts Owls Red-breasted nuthatch

  22. CREATION OF DECAY AND HABITAT

  23. SNAG CREATION METHODS 1. Topping at base of live crown or mid live crown 2. Girdling at different heights 3. Herbicides 4. Pheromones to attract bark beetles 5. Killing dwarf mistletoe infected trees 6. Planting artifical snags ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION OF SNAGS AND GREEN TREES

  24. Decay and hazard treese.g. Phaeolus schweinitzii

  25. DETECTION OF DECAY 1. Increment borers 2. Wood drills 3. Shigometer - electrical resistance 4. Resistograph - physical resistance 5. Ultrasound travel 6. Sonic tomography

  26. Increment borers

  27. Battery Power Drills

  28. SHIGOMETER USDA Forest Service

  29. Resistograph - Trademark

  30. ULTRASOUND USDA Forest Service

  31. TOMOGRAPHY http://www.fujikura.co.uk/special/picus/picus.htm http://www.argyll-arborists.co.uk/PicusSonicTomograph.htm

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