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From The Civil War To The New South The Era of Jim Crow

From The Civil War To The New South The Era of Jim Crow. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War. An Overview A1. The Civil War (1861-65) was a social and military conflict between the United States of America in

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From The Civil War To The New South The Era of Jim Crow

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  1. From The Civil War To The New South The Era of Jim Crow

  2. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War • An Overview • A1. The Civil War (1861-65) was a social and military conflict between the United States of America in • the North and the Confederate States of American in the South. A2. A result of long developing tensions between the North and South, the war had two immediate triggers: the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, and the resulting secession of seven Southern states by February 1861. A3. Combat began on 12 April 1861 at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, and quickly intensified as four more states joined the Confederacy. A4. Although many Confederate and Unionist leaders believed the war would be short, it dragged on until 26 May 1865, when the last major Confederate army surrendered. A5. More than 620,000 people died as a result of the conflict, and property damage was estimated at $5 billion. In the end, the victory of the United States meant the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment (1865).

  3. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War B. A Nation Divided B1. The War divided the country like no other conflict in U.S. History. B2. To this day, the war goes by many different names depending on one’s point of view: the Civil War, the War Between the States, the War of Northern Aggression, the Brothers’ War. B3. Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had two sons who became major generals during the Civil War: one for the North, one for the South. B2. Missouri sent 39 regiments to fight in the siege of Vicksburg: 17 to the Confederacy and 22 to the Union. See Ken Burns, The Civil War

  4. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War C. Mobilization C1. More than three million men fought in the war. C2. By 1864, when Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to Lieutenant General, the United States had amassed a terrible Army of more than 533,000 men -- the largest military force in the world. C3. By the end of the war, the Confederate states had enlisted more than 750,000 fighting men. See Ken Burns, The Civil War

  5. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War D. African Americans Fight D1. African Americans constituted less than one percent of the northern population, yet by the war’s end made up ten percent of the Union Army. D2. A total of 180,000 black men, more than 85% of those eligible, enlisted. See Ken Burns, The Civil War

  6. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War E. Casualties of War E1. In two days at Shiloh, on the banks of the Tennessee River, more Americans fell than in all previous American wars combined.E2. At Antietam, 12,401 Union men were killed, missing, or wounded; double the casualties of D-Day. E3. With a total of 23,000 casualties on both sides, Antietam was the bloodiest single day of the Civil War.E4. More than 620,000—died during the war. See Ken Burns, The Civil War

  7. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War F. One of the Horrors of War F1. Andersonville Prison in southwest Georgia held 33,000 prisoners in 1864, making it the fifth largest city in the Confederacy. F2. Operating for 14 months between 1864 and 1865, 45,613 Union prisoners passed through its gates. F3. Almost 13,000 of the 45,000+ prisoners died because of poor sanitation, food, and medical care. See Ken Burns, The Civil War

  8. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War G. Destruction I View of Ruins as seen from the Circular Church Charleston, South Carolina, 1865

  9. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War H. Destruction II Ruins in Front of the CapitolRichmond, VA, 1865 Capital of Virginia Capital of Confederacy

  10. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War I. Destruction III The Potter House | Atlanta GA, 1864 Let me tell you what is coming. After the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives you may win Southern independence, but I doubt it. The North is determined to preserve this Union. They are not a fiery, impulsive people as you are, for they live in colder climates. But when they begin to move in a given direction, they move with the steady momentum and perseverance of a mighty avalanche.Gov. Sam Houston – Texas

  11. I. Background: The U.S. Civil War J. Signs of the War’s Impact J1. On July 4, 1863, after 48 days of siege, Confederate General John C. Pemberton surrendered the city of Vicksburg to Ulysses S. Grant. The Fourth of July was not celebrated in Vicksburg for another 81 years.J2. Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first black man ever elected to the U.S. Senate. He filled the seat last held by Jefferson Davis. See Ken Burns, The Civil War Hiram Revels

  12. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 • The Three Plans • A1. Lincoln’s 10% Plan, 1863-65 • A2. Andrew Johnson’s Plan, 1865-66 • A3. Congressional Reconstruction, 1867-1877

  13. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 B. Lincoln’s 10% Plan, 1863-65 B1. State could rejoin Union when 10% of its voters (1860) took an oath of allegiance B2. Pledge support to Constitution and Union B3. Swear support for laws and proclamations concerning emancipation B4. Military and political leaders of the Confederacy were barred from participating

  14. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 C. Lincoln’s Plan Meets Opposition C1. CONGRESS -- Wade Davis Bill (1864) C2. Majority of a each seceded state‘s white men must take an oath of loyalty to the Constitution and guarantee black equality. C3. Seen as more forceful with South. C4. Lincoln pocket-vetoed Benjamin Wade

  15. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 D. President Lincoln Assassinated On April 14, 1865, as President Lincoln watched a performance of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., he was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor from Maryland obsessed with avenging the Confederate defeat. Lincoln died the next morning.

  16. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 E. Andrew Johnson’s Becomes the new U.S. President E1. Johnson was appointed Unionist Governor of Tennessee in 1862, while many people were still fighting against the North. E2. Johnson, a Southern Democrat loyal to the Union, ran as Abraham Lincoln's vice presidential candidate in 1864 and took over as seventeenth President of the United States in 1865 when Lincoln was assassinated.

  17. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 F. Johnson’s Work - May to Dec 1865 F1. Johnson carried out Lincoln's Reconstruction program with minor modifications. F2. By presidential proclamation he appointed a Unionist governor for each seceded state F3. The Governors called Constitutional Conventions -- loyal voters elected and made up delegates

  18. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 F. Johnson’s Work - May to Dec 1865 F4. Conventions set to: A. Invalidate all secession laws B. Recognize all Congressional laws passed since 1860C. Recognize the 13th AmendmentD. Repudiate all wartime debtsE. Constitutions must be approved by Congress F5. By Dec 1865 everything is done: All Southern states but Texas had met Johnson’s requirements. F6. 13th Amendment ratified, 29 of 36 states (Dec 1865)

  19. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 G. Problems with Johnson’s Work G1. Congress Felt Left Out G2. Too many Confederates in PoliticsA. Of 80 Southerners elected to US Congress, half had been prominent Confederate officials B. 10 Confederate Generals electedC. 9 former Confederate CongressmenD. Alexander Stephens, VP of the Confederacy. G3. Creation of Black Codes in South Alexander Stephens

  20. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 H. Congressional Reconstruction H1. Freedmen’s Bureau Bill | March 1865 originally Extended Feb 1866 (vetoed), overridden July 1866 H2. Civil Rights Act 1866 [over veto] H3. Military Reconstruction Act (1867) H4. 14th Amendment (1868) H5. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) H6. 15th Amendment (1870) Thaddeus Stevens

  21. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 H. Congressional Reconstruction I H1. Freedmen’s Bureau Bill | March 1865 originally Extended Feb 1866 (vetoed), overridden July 1866 a. Social Services -- establish schools and churches. b. Justice -- monitored civil authorities in cases involving Blacks c. Labor/Contracts -- negotiated contracts for labor/property. d. Family Services -- clearinghouse of information on lost relativesOn April 14, 1866, Thomas Nast drew a cartoon of "The Grand Masquerade Ball" featuring sketches of the celebrities of the day. Andrew Johnson is pictured kicking out the Freedmen’s Bureau with his veto, with scattered black people coming out of it. Charles Sumner

  22. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 • H. Congressional Reconstruction II • H2. Civil Rights Act 1866 [over veto] • All persons born in the United States now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. • b. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. • c. Persons who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year. Charles Sumner

  23. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 H. Congressional Reconstruction III H3. Military Reconstruction Act (1867) a. Restructure South, take control from planters b. Ex-Confederate states were divided into 5 military districts c. Military Governors are to call Constitutional Conventions d. All adult males, regardless of color, were to vote for delegates, if they had not been Confederates. e. State Constitutions must accept 13th & 14th Amendments. f. Congress passes (March 1867) g. Johnson vetoed, yet overridden h. States readmitted once they had a new constitution and accepted (not ratified) the 13th and 14th Amendments. Benjamin Butler

  24. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77

  25. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 H. Congressional Reconstruction IV H4. 14th Amendment (1868) a. Gave citizenship to former slaves. b. Says that states shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. c. Says that states shall not deny any person the equal protection of the law. John Bingham drafted the 14th Amendment

  26. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 H. Congressional Reconstruction V H5. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1868) a. Johnson unpopular with Republicans and Democrats b. He often vetoed Congressional bills Freedman’s Bureau Bill; Civil Rights Act of 1866 c. 11 charges of impeachment brought against Johnson 10 - Tenure of Office Act, 1 – Undermining Congress d. 35 senators voted to convict and 19 voted to acquit, one vote short of the two-thirds majority required to remove.

  27. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 H. Congressional Reconstruction VI H6. 15th Amendment (1870) a. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United  States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. b. Ratified by twenty-nine of thirty-seven states. c. Obviously, then, the states of the old Confederacy did not support the idea of black suffrage.

  28. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 I. Reconstruction = Republican Rule of the Southern States I1. Three way coalition of Republicans: scalawags, carpetbaggers, and freedmen. I2. U.S. Military in the South

  29. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 J. Terror: The Ku Klux Klan I J1. The Ku Klux Klan was formed in Tennessee in 1866. J2. The organization was founded by veterans of the Confederate Army, its resisted Congressional Reconstruction. J2. It used violent methods – including lynching – to terrorize Republican voters in 1868.

  30. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 J. Terror: The Ku Klux Klan II "Klan Warning"Independent Monitor, September 1868.Alabama Department of Archives & History The Klan's threats of violence terrorized black and white Republicans. This cartoon sent a threat to a carpetbagger from Ohio, the Rev. A. S. Lakin, who had just been elected president of the University of Alabama, and Dr. N. B. Cloud, a scalawag serving as Superintendent of Public Instruction of Alabama. The Klan succeeded in driving both men from their positions.http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section5/section5_10.html

  31. II. After the War: Reconstruction, 1865-77 • K. The End of Reconstruction • 1. Election of 1876 • Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (D) • 185 electoral votes needed to win • Tilden 184 with 3 states left • 3 states with US troops -- LA, SC, FL -- two results • 2. Compromise of 1877 • Democrats let Hayes win in return for withdrawing federal • troops from LA, SC, FL • 3. Freedmen of the South  sacrificed by Republicans. • 4. Republican party died in the South.

  32. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 A. Three Major Issues A1. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats A2. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914 A3. The “New South” Leaders Fail to Industrialize

  33. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 B. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats 1. Reconstruction = Republican control of the South through three-way coalition of freedmen, scalawags, & carpetbaggers 2. Freedmen provided bulk of the Republican’s strength 3. 2000 African Americans held public office 4. . African Americans represented at every level of gov. 5. Two blacks – from Miss. – elected to the US Senate. [Since Reconstruction only two blacks have served in the Senate – Edward W. Brooke and Carol Moseley Braun]. Blanche Bruce, served with Hiram Revels as one of the first two African American Senators.

  34. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 B. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats 6. Pinckney B.S. Pinchback of Louisiana served as the nation’s first black governor (1872-73). 7. It was not until 1989 that L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia became the second black governor. 8. 700 blacks sat in state legislatures during Reconstruction. 9. Scores of African Americans held local offices, ranging from justice of the peace to sheriff, tax assessor, and policeman. Pinckney B.S. Pinchback

  35. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 B. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats 10. Republican coalition torn apart by the Democrats after Compromise of 1877. 11. To separate black republicans from carpetbaggers and scalawags the Democrats used: A. racism B. disenfranchisement C. underground terror A Reign of Midnight Terror

  36. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 B. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats 12. Racist Democrats used African Americans as a scapegoat for the failures of the South. 13. The Democrats racist argument was aided by the poor economic conditions that existed in the South during Reconstruction. 14. Since the scalawags were from the upcountry and had little contact with African Americans, they bought the Democratic racist propaganda. Racist image from ABirth of a Nation (1915)

  37. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 B. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats 15. Democrats also used Disfranchisement 16. Two major methods: poll tax | literacy test 17. Democrats exempted some people:Grandfather Clause | Fighting Grandfather Clause 18. Still, two obstacles to Disfranchisement: 15th Amendment | Congress/ North Racist image from A Birth of A Nation (1915)

  38. Scene from A Birth of A Nation (1915)

  39. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 B. “Redemption”: The Return of the Democrats 19. The letter/spirit of the 15th Amendment 20. Immigration and Northern Voting Prove advantageous to Southern Democrats 21. Stats: LA: 1896 - 130,000 black voters registered. 1900 there were 5,320. AL: 1900 - 121,159 literate blacks over 21, but only 3,742 registered to vote Supreme Court, 1896

  40. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 C. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914 1. Segregation 2. Civil Rights Cases 1883 3. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Homer Plessy

  41. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 C. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914 4. Capitulation to Extreme Racism Racist postcard of the Era

  42. III. The Creation of Jim Crow: The New South, 1877-1914 C. Race Relations in the South, 1877-1914 5. Booker T. Washington 6. W.E.B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington

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