From JIM CROW to CIVIL RIGHTS

1. From JIM CROWto CIVIL RIGHTS Michael J. Klarman Chapter 6 Presented by Adam McBride

2. Black students began a strike against overcrowding and other unequal conditions in their school. The NAACP filed a lawsuit that became one of the five cases known as Brown v. Board of Education. 1951 - Moton High School Strike

3. Several million blacks had migrated from southern farms to northern cities in search of greater economic opportunities. Demographic shifts produced an urban black middle class with the education, disposable income, and lofty expectations conducive to involvement in social protest. Economic gains enabled blacks to challenge the racial status quo. Black Empowerment

4. WWII: Fascism & Jim Crow South Nazi Germany USA – Jim Crow South White Supremacy Anti-Black Anti-Semitic Anti-Homosexuals Redefining if it is a Nation based off of white evangelical Christianity Forced to reconsider their racial preconceptions to clarify the differences We still love Jews Anti-Homosexuals

5. BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION LAW OR POLITICS?

6. Segregated public schools were “inherently unequal” and thus violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. May 17, 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education unanimously invalidated racial segregation in public schools.

7. Fourteenth Amendment • Written by a Congress that enforced segregated schools in the district of Columbia for nearly 100 years. • Suggesting they considered segregation to be constitutional. • What is the intent and definition of the Fourteenth Amendment? • Should the Constitution be a living document?

8. Chief JusticeFred M. Vinson “hard to get away from the long continued interpretation of Congress ever since the Amendments.” “public schools in the District of Columbia have long been segregated.” “hard to get away from that construction by those who wrote the amendments and those who followed.”

9. Hugo Black Deep South Alabama Once belonged to the Ku Klux Klan Textual literalist “violence if the courts hold segregation unlawful.” “states would probably take evasive measures while purporting to obey.” “protection of the negro against discrimination.”

10. Stanley F. Reed “negroes have not thoroughly assimilated.” “states should be left to work out the problems for themselves.” “would uphold separate but equal.”

11. Frankfurter & JacksonA conflict between law & politics. Loathed segregation but doubted whether it was unconstitutional

12. From 4-3-2 to 9-0 4-3-2 9-0 Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson Doubts of whether it was unconstitutional Worry of violent backlash from the South No pressure as their was not a majority ruling Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson dies before case is reargued Earl Warren becomes new Chief Justice Warren with the 4 already made a majority Justice who disagreed felt pressure to suppress their convictions for the good of the institution Justices knew resisters would exploit any hint of internal Court dissension

13. Post Brown Avoiding racial controversy for a decade, to return to the 60’s as followers, not leaders, listening to national opinion