From the previous lesson on mutation you should be able to: state what mutations are

1. From the previous lesson on mutation you should be able to: • state what mutations are • explain how mutations occur Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

2. In this lesson you should learn about the process of natural selection and how it explains why organisms evolve. • Success criteria: • Describe the process of natural selection • Explain how it is involved in the evolution of organisms Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

3. All populations show variation. What types of variation arethere? Scientists put variations into 2 groups Discrete variation and continuous variation. How isvariation produced in a species? Through the process of sexual reproduction. Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

4. The variation that exists in a population allows environmental factors to have an influence on the population. This process is called Natural selection and it determines which organisms survive to reproduce. Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

5. The Theory of Natural selection Controversially proposed by Charles Darwin in his Book ‘On the Origin of Species’ in 1859. But other scientists had similar ideas like Alfred Russell Wallace http://www.twigonglow.com/films/darwins-dilemma-1144/ Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

6. http://www.twigonglow.com/films/natural-selection-1140/ • Natural selection (survival of the fittest) • Organisms reproduce producing many offspring • Variation exists among the offspring • Individuals struggle to survive in their environment • Only the “fittest” survive as they are better adapted • These survivors reproduce passing on their successful genetic information (alleles) Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

7. Darwin explained that those organisms best adapted for their environment would survive and reproduce. Those not well adapted would not survive and eventually would disappear. Darwin’s problem was he could not give a clear living example but used his observations particularly of Finches in the Galapagos Islands. Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

8. Darwin’s finches support the idea that organisms change with selection pressure. In the finches case it was to evolve different beak shapes and sizes as mutations allowed them to make use of different food sources. One original group of finches slowly spread to different islands and evolved to be best adapted to the food on their island. Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

9. Darwin’s Finches Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

10. A modern example of Natural Selection in action is the Peppered Moth (Bistonbetularia) Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

11. Two forms of the moth exist pale and dark (melanic). The distribution of the different forms is determined by the environmental pressure of pollution. Pollution levels alter the colour of the trees (soot and a change in lichen numbers). This alters the camouflage effect of the different forms and this alters the numbers surviving. Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

12. In towns and cities where there is a lot of pollution the lichens on trees die and soot often covers the trees making them dark. More dark coloured forms of the moth will be present. (WHY?) In towns and cities where there is less pollution light coloured lichens will survive and less soot will cover the trees. More of the light coloured form will be found. (WHY?) What do you think happens in the rural areas? Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

13. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is also an example of modern natural selection. Can you think why this is? Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

14. Adaptations that have evolved through natural selection Adaptations can either be structural, physiological or behavioural. Watch the video clips and make a note of the adaptations and whether they are structural, physiological or behavioural. You may need to watch them twice. http://www.twigonglow.com/films/life-in-hot-deserts-1129/ http://www.twigonglow.com/films/life-in-the-freezer-1128/ http://www.twigonglow.com/films/bizarre-adaptations-1132/ Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

15. Other adaptations that help animals survive in their environment (for discussion). Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

16. Other adaptations that help animals survive in their environment (for discussion). Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

17. Other adaptations that help plants survive in their environment (for discussion). Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species

18. In this lesson you should have learned about the process of natural selection and how it explains why organisms evolve. • Describe the process of natural selection • Explain how it is involved in the evolution of organisms Adaptation, natural selection and the evolution of species