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Organizing and Displaying Data. Quantitative Research. Experiments Surveys Correlational studies. Meta-analysis Psychometric evaluations. Selected research concepts. Population Aggregates Parameters Sample Statistics: describe characteristics of a group of people.
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Quantitative Research • Experiments • Surveys • Correlational studies
Meta-analysis • Psychometric evaluations
Selected research concepts • Population • Aggregates • Parameters • Sample • Statistics: describe characteristics of a group of people.
What is the statistics? • A branch of applied math. that deals with collecting, organizing and interpreting data using well-defined procedures
Purposes of statistics • Describe and summarize information • Make predictions about occurrences based on observations. • Generalize findings • Identify associations, relationships and differences between sets of observations
Types of Stats • Descriptive • Inferential
variables • A characteristic being measured that varies among persons, events, or objects being studied.
Levels of measurement • Nominal (categorical) : the lowest form of measurement assign numbers to the variable under study, absolutely arbitrary as label for data entry purposes.
Examples of nominal variables • Gender 1 = male 2 = female • Medical Diagnosis 1= medical 2= surgical 3= Neuro
Ordinal Measurement : numbers assigned in categories and these categories are ordered in some meaningful way
Age categories: 1= 20-25 years 2= 26-50 years 3= 51-75 years 4= above 76 years
Patient positioning schedule: 1= Q2hrs 2= Q 3-4 hrs 3= Q 6hrs
Pain intensity 0= no pain 1= minor/ slightly painful 2= moderately painful 3= severe pain
Interval level of measurement: the distance between ordered categories is equal based upon accepted physical unit of measurement. (experimental)
Temperature: 60°F is warmer than 50°F by 10° which is equal the difference between 40° F and 30 ° F , but we can not say that 60°F is two times as hot as 30 ° F because the Zero point does not mean absence of heat. • There is no real or rational zero point in interval measurement.
Ratio level of measurement : the most precise and meaningful level of measurement, with equal interval and presence of zero point. (Experimental)
Blood pressure: 130/80, 140/90… • Pulse: 80/m, 60/m… • Weight: 60kgs, 110kgs.
Understanding Data • Data coding • Data entry • Data cleaning • Missing data