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Basics of Soybean Production for Maine

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Basics of Soybean Production for Maine

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    1. Basics of Soybean Production for Maine Tim Griffin Sustainable Ag Specialist

    3. Factors Driving Interest Local protein source for animals Human consumption (export) Alternative potato rotation crop Replacing small grains? Lengthening rotations? Moderate profit potential New, short-season varieties

    4. General Information Annual legume that fixes N Poor tolerance of acid soils Recently developed varieties can reach maturity in Northeast Little things make big difference

    5. Management Points Variety selection Site Selection Soil drainage Soil pH Fertility Seeding practices Weed control Harvest and processing

    6. Soybean Maturity Classes 13 maturity classes 000, 00, 0, and 1-10 (10 is longest) ‘000’ - ‘1’ adapted to Maine To start, pick the shortest season varieties ‘000’ and ‘00’ in Aroostook County ‘0’ to ‘1’ in central/southern Maine

    7. Soybean Yields: 1997 Variety Maturity Orono Presque Isle ---------- bu/acre --------- Aquilon 00 35 31 APK007 0.7 40 33 APK020 0 34 33 Bravor 0.5 30 25 Korada 0.2 41 22 Lambert 0.8 35 36 Pioneer 9007 00 36 30 Pioneer 9071 0 44 33 Pioneer 9092 0 42 33 Pioneer 9132 1 41 34 Stine 380 1 45 31 Ugo ----- 34

    9. Mature Beans

    10. Maturing Beans

    11. Soil Factors: Drainage On poorly drained soils: Reduced N fixation Increased disease potential Delayed planting Harvest problems On sandy - gravelly soils Drought stress during pod fill a problem Find well drained sites

    12. Soil Factors: pH Recommended range: 6.5-7.0 Could grow down to 6.0-6.2 On acid soils: Reduced N fixation from Al toxicity Reduced nutrient availability Soybean, like most legumes, are quite sensitive to low pH

    13. pH Affect on Yield

    14. Soil Factors: Fertility Moderate nutrient removal 40 lb P2O5/a 80 lb K2O/a Even though nutrient use is moderate, still responds to P and K on low soil-test sites Poor performance on low fertility fields

    15. Planting: Spacing Can be planted several ways Wide rows 30-36 inches Narrow rows 5-15 inches Narrow rows: Faster ground cover helps weed control Can use grain drill or air planter (need different plates with corn planter)

    16. Planting: Spacing

    17. Planting: Rate Rate depends on spacing Narrow row 200 - 225,000/a Wide row 150 - 175,000/a Significant differences in seed size Plant by number, not weight

    18. Planting: Dates Yield reduction with delayed planting, but not as severe as with corn In our short season, timely planting is important to reach maturity, but: Plant into warm soil in right conditions - Beans don’t tolerate crusting or compaction

    19. Early June Planting -Worked

    20. May Planting - Didn’t Work

    21. Planting: Doing it Right Know seed delivery rate Inoculate with Rhizobia Slightly dampen seed First time beans - triple inoculant rate Well-prepared seedbed critical Assure good seed-to-soil contact Control planting depth

    22. Planting: Doing It Right Plant 1 - 1.5 inches deep Pack after planting Press wheels on planter Cultipacker Easier harvest operation

    23. A Good Seeding

    24. Weed Control Early tillage possible Timed at weed emergence Lely-type cultivator Rotary hoe

    25. Plant Competition Slow early growth Planted May 14, Picture June 15

    26. Soybean Grass Herbicides PreEmergence: Dual, Dual II, and Dual II - Magnum Frontier, Harness, Microtech, Lasso Combinations (BS+D) PostEmergence Poast, Poast plus, Assure II non-selective: Liberty, Touchdown, Roundup

    27. Soybean Broadleaf Herbicides PreEmergence: Lorox, Sencor/Lexone, Prowl Python (Broadstrike) PostEmergence Banvel, Clarity, Basagran, Pursuit, Classic, Select, Reflex Pinnacle, Python, Resource

    29. Harvest Pods 2-4” from soil low populations have lower pods Remember packing after planting? Losses in front of combine Average harvest loss in 1997 was 11 bu/acre Stored soybeans at 14% or less

    30. Anti-Quality Factors Urease enzyme (urea to ammonia) Lipase enzyme (rancidity) Trypsin inhibitor High soluble N content

    31. Feeding Raw Soybeans Limit grinding to 1 week supply No urea in ration Limit to 3-4 lb/head/day Ration balancing can be difficult because of soluble N and anti-quality factors

    32. Roasting Temperature

    33. Roasting Time (140C)

    34. Roasting Increase feeding level: 8 lb/hd/day Economics Cost $30-40/ton Increased price by $70-100/ton Difference added value by roasting Optimum temp: 275-300F Steeping increases uniformity Storable if not ground

    35. Results of Roasting Reduces urease and lipase Reduces trypsin inhibitor Increases bypass protein Fat level not affected

    36. Management Points Site Selection Soil drainage Soil pH Variety selection Fertility and pH Seeding practices Harvest and processing

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