Meet the Family : Couple A has one child C ouple B has two children C ouple C has three children

1. Explore, by drawing stick people, the consequences of maintaining the same family size through three generations of three families. Meet the Family: Couple A has one child Couple B has two children Couple C has three children

2. Key Words / Ideas • Sustainable = the likelihood of a country to support itself into the future. • Key Words: • Population • Consequences • Life expectancy • Ageing population • Youthful Population • Consequences Are some strategies for population management more sustainable than others? Learning Outcomes: All Should: be able to list different methods used control a countries population. Most Should: : be able to identify the key reasons why certain countries manage the population and begin to analyse their effectiveness. Some Could: be able to carry out all of the above, moving onto analyse the social, economic, political and environmental effectiveness in further detail. Competence: Team Work

3. Group work Discuss a definition and the goals of family planning.

4. The Government grants freedom in order to allow people to decide how many children they want e.g. LEDC countries couples are allowed to have as many babies as they wish. Use the ‘Parenthood Policies in Europe’ article to decide whether European countries have pro-natalist or ‘laissez faire’ population policies. Useful link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4837422.stm The Government encourages its people to have less or more babies. This could be through optional financial rewards or through more oppressive routes e.g. denying people access to contraception.

5. Dependency Ratio One way of seeing if a country has a problem with its population is by calculating its dependency ratio. This shows how many young (0-14 years old) and old people (65 years old and over) there are in a country, compared to those aged 15-64 (the working age group). The calculation is written below: Number of children 0-14 years old + number of old people over 65 years old ________________________________________________ Number of people aged 15 to 64 years old So what does the answer you get actually mean? Well if you get a dependency ratio of 50, this means that for every 100 people who are of working age there are 50 people who depend on them in that country. Calculate the dependency ratio for the UK and for the Gambia in the year 2000

6. 2) In 1930, Thailand was at Stage 1 of the DTM. In 2000 it was at Stage 4. What has made this possible? Strategies for Population Management • 1) How has China reduced its rate of population increase since 1950? 4) What is being done to prevent future problems associated with an Ageing population in the UK? • 3) What is being done to prevent a population explosion in Gambia?

7. Example Case Study: What is being done to prevent future problems associated with an Ageing population in the UK? • Most Should: : be able to identify the key reasons why certain countries manage the population and begin to analyse their effectiveness.

8. How has China reduced its rate of population increase since 1950? Case study: China In the late 1970s, the Chinese government introduced a number of measures to reduce the country's birth rate and slow the population growth rate. The most important of the new measures was a one-child policy, which decreed that couples in China could only have one child. In 1950 the rate of population change in China was 1.9 per cent each year. If this doesn't sound high, consider that a growth rate of only 3 per cent will cause the population of a country to double in less than 24 years! Previous Chinese governments had encouraged people to have a lot of children to increase the country's workforce. But by the 1970s the government realised that current rates of population growth would soon become unsustainable. The one-child policy The one-child policy, established in 1979, meant that each couple was allowed just one child. Benefits included increased access to education for all, plus childcare and healthcare offered to families that followed this rule. Problems with enforcing the policy: Those who had more than one child didn't receive these benefits and were fined. The policy was keenly resisted in rural areas, where it was traditional to have large families. In urban areas, the policy has been enforced strictly but remote rural areas have been harder to control. Many people claim that some women, who became pregnant after they had already had a child, were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised. There appears to be evidence to back up these claims. Impact of the policy The birth rate in China has fallen since 1979, and the rate of population growth is now 0.7 per cent. There have been negative impacts too - due to a traditional preference for boys, large numbers of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and in some cases killed. In 2000, it was reported that 90 per cent of foetuses aborted in China were female. As a result, the gender balance of the Chinese population has become distorted. Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million. Long-term implications China's one-child policy has been somewhat relaxed in recent years. Couples can now apply to have a second child if their first child is a girl, or if both parents are themselves only-children. While China's population is now rising more slowly, it still has a very large total population (1.3 billion in 2008) and China faces new problems, including: the falling birth rate - leading to a rise in the relative number of elderly people fewer people of working age to support the growing number of elderly dependants - in the future China could have an ageing population

9. In 1930, Thailand was at Stage 1 of the DTM. In 2000 it was at Stage 4. What has made this possible? • P70 / 71 of textbook • The Thai Government encouraged couples to have large families before 1960 to increase the workforce. Post 1960 it has followed an antinatalist policy

10. 4) What is being done to prevent future problems associated with an Ageing population in the UK? • Coping with an ageing population in the UK • What are the issues? • There are decreasing numbers of economically active people in the population and more elderly dependents. • What can be done about it? • People are encouraged to save for their retirement in pensions and investments. • The retirement age is increasing. • Facilities such as nursing homes and care workers will be needed, perhaps in preference to schools and nurseries, as the population gets older. • Economically active skilled and unskilled migrants could be encouraged. • Longer term impacts? • The birth rate in the UK is still decreasing and there are more people aged over 65 than under 16. • Longer term concern for the economy of the UK as less economically active able to pay taxes. An ageing population • As people live longer, the structure of a population changes. • Many MEDCs are now experiencing a significant increase in the number of elderly people as a proportion of the population. • As birth rates fall and people have smaller families, the number of young dependants is falling and the number of elderly dependants is rising. • In the near future this will mean that there are fewer economically active people to support the elderly population. • To try to balance out an ageing population, some countries adopt a pro-natalist policy - that is, they encourage people to have more children by offering them benefits, such as access to childcare and maternity leave.

11. 3) What is being done to prevent a population explosion in Gambia? Background information: The Gambia (LEDC) is the smallest African country and 95% of Gambia’s population are Muslim. There has been a taboo on contraceptives and the birth rate is high, on average each woman in her life time will have 7 children. The birth rate is 40 per 1000 population and for every 1000 children born 11 mothers will die in child birth. People do not live much be 40 – 50, the life expectancy for women is 57 and for men 53. It is thought that the population will double every 28 years. Problems having a young population: •High dependency ratio, very hard to support all the services required for the young. •Financial problems – not having enough money to feed and support the growing family. Malnutrition is common. •Homes often don’t have electricity and are overcrowded. •Sanitation is very poor. •Deforestation people use the wood for fires housing and selling. The land left ends up as desert therefore making the temperature rise. •Not enough education, there is a shortage of toilet facilities and educational material, often schools adopted a 2 shift system some children educated in the morning and some later in the day. Teachers are poorly paid and can work up to 12 hours a day.

12. 3) What is being done to prevent a population explosion in Gambia? Responses to the problems: 1) Contraception There are now awareness campaigns and radio adverts explaining about contraceptives. An NGO called Futures is helping to address the problem by delivering very cheap contraception which is subsidised by the World Health Organisation. 2) Health To reduce the infant mortality rate funding from Canada is used to provide free vaccination for children. Improved maternity care helps the mothers to survive. Parents are encouraged to space out the births so that mother has enough time to recover. 3) Managing Resources The German government are funding a forest management scheme. The plan is to plant new forests and educate the population on how to look after and use the forests. 4) Education More and more children are attending school.

13. Reflective Review WWW:______ EBI: ________ • Most Should: : be able to identify the key reasons why certain countries manage the population and begin to analyse their effectiveness.

14. Additional Reading / Internet Links • http://griffid10.wix.com/gcse-unit-2#!__population-dynamics