SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OCCUR when EVERYDAY PEOPLE ACT COLLECTIVELY at the RIGHT HISTORICAL MOMENT

1. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OCCUR when EVERYDAY PEOPLE ACT COLLECTIVELY at the RIGHT HISTORICAL MOMENT January 2013

2. Leading to: CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 Some of the MAJOR EVENTS OF THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT AND Freedom from Fear and Freedom of Association 1954 Brown v Board 1965 Selma 1960 Sit Ins 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1961-3 Freedom Rides 1964COFO FreedomSummer BUT NOT FREEDOM FROM POVERTY OR FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION

3. Some key components of a successful social movement: • Get Ready to Be Ready • Personal relationship and community building, • Building an infrastructure • Development of local leadership, • Creating coalitions, • Identifying the problem and doing your homework, • Strategic use of the arts, • Strategic use of nonviolent direct resistance, • Learning how to deal with the contradictions within the movement, • and being in the right historical moment.

4. ORGANIZATIONS: • --Build Infrastructure and Coalitions • --Develop experienced activists 1910 --- NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1942 --- CORE Congress of Racial Equality 1957--- SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1960 --- SNCC (snick) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1962-4--- COFO Council of Federated Organizations = NAACP, CORE, SCLC, SNCC

5. The Importance of Infrastructure 1837-1861-1890------ HBCU’s------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1919 Associated Negro Press--------------------------------------1964 1925 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids 1950 A. Philip Randolph 1932 - -------------Highlander--------------------------------------------- Esau Jenkins Myles Horton 1908 Federal Council of Churches------------1950 National Council of Churches 1910 NAACP NAACP local chapters Youth chapters 1957 SCLC Churches -------Local independent civil rights organizations------- e.g., Women’s Political Council e.g., Montgomery Improvement Association e.g., Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights e.g., Nonviolent Action Group C.T. Vivian 1960 SNCC Black College Campuses Friends of SNCC 1942 CORE Local chapters Jo AnnRobinson Fred Shuttlesworth

6. World War II CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 Gandhi The Importance of Historical Moment 1957 SCLC King 1910 NAACP 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1908 Springfield IL Race riots 1960 Sit Ins SNCC 1942 CORE 1961-3 Freedom Rides 1964COFO FreedomSummer NAACP local chapters in S. bolstered by black WW II vets LYNCHING Panic of 1907 -----Cold War------------------------------------------ 1955 Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements

7. 1960 Sit ins at HBCUs

8. Thurgood Marshall Roy Wilkins Walter White National Association for the Advancement of Colored People World War II Gandhi 1954 Brown v Board 1944 Smith v Allwright 1910 NAACP 1946 Morgan v Virginia 1908 Springfield IL Race riots 1960 Boyton v Virginia IN SOUTH: local chapters youth chapters CHARLES HOUSTON 1917 Silent March W. E. B. Dubois 1915 Protests against Birth of a Nation 1964COFO FreedomSummer MFDP MEDGAR EVERS -----Cold War-------- 1963 Kennedy shot Ida B. Wells Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements LYNCHING End of Reconstruction

9. World War II Southern Christian Leadership Council Gandhi 1957 SCLC King SEPTIMA CLARK Citizenship schools 1955 Montgomery bus boycott JO ANN ROBINSON 1965 Selma 1964COFO FreedomSummer Freedom Schools E.D. NIXON KING AND BAYARD RUSTIN ELLA BAKER Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 -----Cold War-------- 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements

10. 1964COFO FreedomSummer Voter Registration MFDP World War II Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee Gandhi 1965 Selma DIANE NASH BOB MOSES 1960 Sit Ins SNCC ELLA BAKER WAZIR PEACOCK Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 -----Cold War-------- 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements

11. 1964COFO FreedomSummer Community centers World War II Congress of Racial Equality CORE Gandhi 1947 Journey of Reconciliation 1961-3 Freedom Rides 1942 CORE James Farmer Lynching Plessy 1896 -----Cold War-------- 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements

12. Washington, D.C. Nashville Birmingham 1961 - The First Two Freedom Rides Montgomery Jackson New Orleans

13. World War II CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 Gandhi 1932 - ------------------------------------------------ Highlander 1910 NAACP 1957 SCLC 1908 Springfield IL Race riots King Citizenship schools 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1965 Selma 1944 Smith v Allwright Interaction Among Organizations and Leaders 1946 Morgan v VA 1960 Sit Ins SNCC 1960 Boynton v VA 1961 Freedom Rides 1942 CORE 1964COFO FreedomSummer NAACP local chapters in S. est by black WW II vets • Community centers • Freedom Schools • Voter Registration -----Cold War--------------- 1963 Kennedy shot Lynching African/Asian anti-colonial movements

14. MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER - 1964

15. ?

17. Mississippi Literacy Test c. 1955

19. DOM VOTE

20. The creation of the MFDP

21. MFDP • State Convention in Jackson • 68 Convention Delegates: • 64 black • 4 white • 5 Congressional Candidates • 2 Senate Candidates • Governor and Lt. Governor DISTRICTS Location of Mississippi projects

22. Atlantic City, New Jersey - August 22, 1964 Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977) Speaking at the Credentials Committee Hearing of the National Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention

23. Lyndon Johnson opposed the seating of the MFDP and spent political capital twisting arms. The Credentials Committee offered a “compromise:” MFDP to get two seats “at large” without voting power. MDP delegates to be seated, had to swear a loyalty oath to the Democratic Party. The MFDP voted against accepting the “compromise.” The Convention Delegates, under the impression that the MFDP approved the “compromise,” approved the Credentials Committee recommendations.

24. The Successof Freedom Summer [T]he most significant thing that the movement gave to us was it removed people from fear. The freedom from fear of being dragged out of your house in the middle of the night for daring to want to be part of the mainstream, of daring to dream or want to participate, to want to have equal justice, that equal pay for equal work that my father used to talk about. The generations since the movement have not been taught to stay in their place or to understand that there’s a certain way to walk and stand and look at and relate to white people. For white and blacks, I think that is the most significant contribution it made to people in [Mississippi]. -- L.C. Dorsey

25. The Failureof Freedom Summer What happened in 1964 symbolized the situation that we are in now. The National Democratic Party and the political leadership of that party at the time, said, okay, there’s room for these kind of people. And it was the professional people within our group who were asked to become part and did become part of the Democratic Party. On the other hand they said, there isn’t room for these people—grassroots people, the sharecroppers, the common workers, the day workers. There’s room for them as recipients of largesse—poverty programs and the like.There isn’t room for them as participants in power sharing. --Bob Moses

26. The Lessonof Freedom Summer Never again were we lulled into believing that our task was exposing injustices so that the ‘good’ people of American could eliminate them. We left Atlantic City with the knowledge that the movement had turned into something else. After Atlantic City, our struggle was not for civil rights, but for liberation. -- Cleveland Sellers

27. Leading to: CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 1954 Brown v Board 1960 Sit Ins 1965 Selma 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1961 Freedom Rides 1964COFOFreedom Summer THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT Freedom from Fear Freedom of Association BUTNOT Freedom from POVERTY or Freedom from DISCRIMINATION

28. Vincent Harding From Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker (1981) “. . . Because this country has been changed [by the Southern Freedom Movement], we must changetoo if we are going to continue to carry on the struggle . . . . You move into a struggle with certain kinds of visions and ideas and hopes. You transform the situation and then you can no longer go on with the same kinds of visions . . . because you have created a new situation yourselves. And if anybody has taught us how to be flexible and change and recreate our ideasand our thoughts as time has gone on, Ella Baker has done that.”

29. Ella Baker speaking at the MFDP State Convention “Until the killing of black men, black mother’s sons Is as important as the killing of white men, white mother’s sons We who believe in freedom cannot rest until it comes”

32. San Francisco Freedom School Google: “sf freedom school”