Being Greek in the 8 th c. BCE τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν ( to Hellênikon eon)

1. Being Greek in the 8th c. BCEτὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἐὸν(to Hellênikon eon) Figurative art, sanctuaries and temples, Panhellenic competition, the alphabet, colonization andthe emergence of the polis

2. . Al Mina

3. Questions on colonization based on readings in Osborne, Hdt. 4, and D&G chapter 2: pp. 48-49, etc. • What is the earliest evidence for colonization? (D&G 1, 10, 12, 13) • How did these factors contribute to colonization in the 8th c.? • Population (Hdt.) • Trade (D&G 33, 36) • Resources (land, minerals, climate) (D&G 11) • Politics (power, threats, unpopularity, flight, scandal, crime), opportunity, restlessness and ambition (D&G 13, 23, 34, 28-31 & Hdt.) • What was required to create a colony? (D&G 3-5) • What was the process of colonization? (D&G 3-5, 34, 35) • Which Greek communities were active colonizers? (D&G 16, 18) • What was the relationship between colony & its mother-city? (D&G 8)

4. Being Greek • What does the evidence from colonization • including the emergence of the Greek alphabet, • the locations of Greek colonies, • the rituals of colonization, • and the relationship between colonies and their mother-cities, • tell us about how the Greeks were organizing themselves between 800 and 700 BCE?

5. What picture of the Greek world emerges by 700 BCE, based on this evidence? • figurative tradition in art, of both the imagined and real worlds • community cult centers • Panhellenic competitions at Panhellenic centers • the alphabet as a means of written communication • awareness of other cultures • the Shield of Achilles in Homer Iliad18.479-612 • the passage on religious activities in Hesiod Works & Days 707-768 • ethnos (pl. ethnê), “a grouping of people who identify together through a common myth of descent but do not focus on a single city community” (Osborne 2009, 129) • emergence of a new type of community, the polis (pl. poleis),“a peculiar synthesis of place, people and political independence … embracing city and country as equal partners” (ibid.) which might include a gymnasium, theater, agora, public water supply, and administrative offices

6. πόλις (polis):“a peculiar synthesis of place, people and political independence … embracing city and country as equal partners” (Osborne 129) • What does Aristotle mean when he says that ὁ ἄνθρωπος φύσει πολιτικὸν ζῷον(ho anthroposphuseipolitikon zoon) • “man is by nature a creature of the polis” (D&G 1.1, Politics1253a2)? • What do we learn about the polis (650-400 BCE) from D&G • 45: a law from Dreros on Crete • 46: the popular council at Chios • 47: immunity from indirect taxation (ateleia) at Cyzicus (Propontis) • 48: a Lokrian community settles new territory (central Greece) • 49, 52, 53: treaties between Oiantheia & Chaleion in Lokris; between Elis and Heraia in Arcadia (w. Peloponnese); between Knossos & Tylissos (Crete) • 50: a law from Elis protecting the family of an accused individual • 51: another law from Elis on fornication in the sacred precinct • 54: commendation of an ambassador (proxenos) at Athens

7. An early visualization of the polis? The hoplite phalanx Chigi Vase, ca. 660-640 BCE

8. The Singers of TalesHomer and Hesiod

9. “Biographical” details • Homer: “the blind bard” of Chios; Demodocus, Odyssey 8.62-74 • 750-725 BCE? 700-675 BCE • Hesiod: Boeotia; Kyme (father’s home); Perses (brother); Works & Days36-40; 632-640 • 700 BCE? • Kyme • Ascra, Boeotia Chios

10. Homer Odyssey 8.62-74 “Then the herald drew near, leading the good bard, whom the Muse loved above all other men, and gave him both good and evil; of his sight she deprived him, but gave him the gift of sweet song. [65] For him Pontonous, the herald, set a silver-studded chair in the midst of the banqueters, leaning it against a tall pillar, and he hung the clear-toned lyre from a peg close above his head, and showed him how to reach it with his hands. And beside him he placed a basket and a beautiful table, [70] and a cup of wine, to drink when his heart should bid him. So they put forth their hands to the good cheer lying ready before them. But when they had put away the desire for food and drink, the Muse moved the bard to sing of the glorious deeds of warriors ….”

11. Hesiod Works and Days 36-40; 632-640 • “[Perses], let us settle our dispute here with true judgment which is of Zeus and is perfect. For we had already divided our inheritance, but you seized the greater share and carried it off, greatly swelling the glory of our bribe-swallowing lords who love to judge such a cause as this. Fools!” • “You yourself [Perses] wait until the season for sailing is come, and then haul your swift ship down to the sea and stow a convenient cargo in it, so that you may bring home profit, even as your father and mine, foolish Perses, used to sail on shipboard because he lacked sufficient livelihood. And one day he came to this very place crossing over a great stretch of sea; he left Aeolian Cyme and fled, not from riches and substance, but from wretched poverty which Zeus lays upon men, and he settled near Helicon in a miserable hamlet, Ascra, which is bad in winter, sultry in summer, and good at no time.”

12. Blackboard questions • What kind of world does Homer construct in his epic poems? • Alissa • What kind of world does Hesiod construct in his epic poems? • Jesse, Daniel • How did orally composed and transmitted poetry work? • Sarah, Nate, Tyler