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Chapter Four

Chapter Four. The Cognitive Approach I: History, Vision, and Attention. Why a cognitive revolution?. Inadequate behaviorist accounts of language acquisition. Reinforcement cannot explain rapid learning of vocabulary and syntax. New tools for measuring brain activity.

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Chapter Four

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  1. Chapter Four The Cognitive Approach I: History, Vision, and Attention

  2. Why a cognitive revolution? • Inadequate behaviorist accounts of language acquisition. Reinforcement cannot explain rapid learning of vocabulary and syntax. • New tools for measuring brain activity. • The rise of the computer as a metaphor for mind and the adoption of the information- processing perspective.

  3. Cognitive psychology • Neisser (1967) one of its early proponents. • The study of human knowledge representation and use. • Employs experimentation, modeling, and computer simulation. • Represents mental activity using a process model, a diagram with boxes and arrows that indicate information processing between successive stages.

  4. Modularity of mind • Mind consists of functionally independent modules (Fodor, 1983). • Modules are hardwired, domain-specific, fast, automatic, stimulus driven, and informationally encapsulated.

  5. Perception The process by which we gather and interpret information about the outside world via the senses.

  6. Pattern recognition • The ability to identify objects in the environment. • One of the main functions of perception. • There are many theories of how it takes place.

  7. Template matching theory • An image generated from a stimulus is matched to an internal representation called a template.

  8. Computational vision • Marr (1982) specifies the steps a computer would go through to recognize an object. • Image is transformed into a raw primal sketch with a distribution of intensity values. • The 2 1/2-D sketch contains groups of features, surfaces, and layout. • The 3-D sketch is a three-dimensional interpretation complete with linked object parts.

  9. Feature integration theory • Used to explain visual search, in which we attempt to locate a target object hidden among distractors. • During the preattentive stage, features pop out effortlessly. Attention is not required. Search occurs in parallel. • During the focused attention stage features are combined together to create object representations. Attention is required. Search is serial.

  10. The pandemonium model of feature detection But no top-down influence.

  11. Visual Search Find the dark “T”.

  12. Parallel search

  13. Serial search

  14. Context in Perception I2 A I3 C I4

  15. Attention • A form of mental activity or energy that can be distributed to different tasks. • Attention is: • Selective • Divisible • Shiftable • Sustainable

  16. Theories of attention • Bottleneck theories explain the narrowing of attention that enters conscious awareness. • Capacity theories explain how attention is distributed to different informational sources.

  17. The filter model • Broadbent’s (1958) filter model of attention. • Information is selected on the basis of physical characteristics. • The selected information is allowed to pass to later stages where it undergoes further processing. • Unselected information is blocked completely. • An example of an early selection model.

  18. Broadbent Modelof Selective Attention Attended Unattended Sensory Store Pattern Recognition Filter Selection Short-term Memory

  19. The attenuation model • Formulated by Treisman (1964). • Unattended message is not blocked completely but attenuated. • The likelihood of information getting through is determined by its threshold.

  20. Treisman Modelof Selective Attention Attended Unattended Sensory Store Pattern Recognition Filter Selection Short-term Memory

  21. The Deutch-Norman selection model • Attributed to Deutch and Deutch (1963) and Norman (1968). • Selection happens later in the attentional processing sequence. • It is therefore an example of a late selection model. • Selection is based on the semantic content of the message, its meaning.

  22. Deutsch-Norman Modelof Selective Attention Attended Unattended Sensory Store Pattern Recognition Filter Selection Short-term Memory

  23. The multimode model of attention • Allows for selection to take place early or late. • The filter is “moveable” and can take place at various stages of processing based on the observer’s needs. • Selection can be based on physical or semantic characteristics.

  24. The capacity model of attention • Proposed by Kahneman (1973). • Attention is a limited resource. • Arousal level determines capacity. • Where attention goes is determined by enduring dispositions and momentary intentions.

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