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The Comfort Assessment of Wearable Computers. James F. Knight, Chris Baber, Anthony Schwirtz and Huw W. Bristow. Ergonomics. Interest in human aspects of wearing technology How does the technology affect the human? Aspects of the technology to assess Size Weight Positioning
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The Comfort Assessment of Wearable Computers James F. Knight, Chris Baber, Anthony Schwirtz and Huw W. Bristow
Ergonomics • Interest in human aspects of wearing technology • How does the technology affect the human? • Aspects of the technology to assess • Size • Weight • Positioning • Need a dependant variable
Previous work • Measured responses to musculoskeletal loading • Body posture and movement • Problems • Use of specialised expensive equipment • Need for specialist knowledge • Time consuming • Need for quick method of assessment
Subjective assessment • Comfort • Discomfort one of the main causes for non-use of personal protective equipment (Abeysekera & Shahnavaz, 1990; Akbar-Khanzadeh & Biesi, 1995) • Usually assessed as unidimensional • Wearing something can affect the wearer in numerous ways • Need a multidimensional tool
Comfort Descriptors • Generate terms that describe different elements of comfort based on: • The concept of wearing something • Wearing some electrical or mechanical device • Wearing something that has the ability to measure, record or determine some aspect of the wearer • 92 terms generated • Need to reduce number of terms
Comfort Descriptor Matrix • Eight participants given cards with terms and definitions written on them. • Participants asked to group the terms based on self selected criteria. • Term by term association matrix developed.
Multidimensional Scaling • Multidimensional scaling finds the structure in a set of distance measures between objects or cases. • Accomplished by assigning observations to specific locations in a conceptual space. • Distances between points in space match the given dissimilarities. • By applying the association matrix to MDS 6 groups of comfort terms derived.
Comfort Groups • Emotion • Concerns about appearance, embarrassment, conspicuousness • Attachment • Physical feel of the device on the body • Harm • Physical affect on the body, damage to the body • Perceived change • The wearer feels physically different, upset • Movement • The device affects movement • Anxiety • Worry about the device, safety and reliability (white coat syndrome)
SensVest • Part of the Lab of Tomorrow project. • Designed to house components that measure and transmit physiological data • heart rate • temperature • acceleration • Used as a teaching tool to record aspects of every day activities.
SensVest Comfort Assessment • Comfort assessment is being used to evaluate the SensVest • Comfort measured after carrying out self selected activities • eg. Walking, sitting, bending, raising and rotating arms • 10 postgraduate students (age: 252)
SensVest Comfort Assessment • Comfort measured after wearing SensVest in accelerometry data collection sessions • Wrist acceleration during throwing • Body acceleration during whole body activities • 14 undergraduates took part in both sessions (age: 19 1)
SensVest Comfort • General pattern • Attachment, Perceived change and Movement scored highest • Harm and Anxiety scored lowest • Between conditions • Dynamic condition scored highest
SensVest Comfort • Emotion • Aesthetics, size and bulk, feel conspicuous • Attachment • Size, weight, pulls shirt out of shape, move during dynamic activity • Harm • Not painful, increased during dynamic activity – components collide with the body • Perceived change • Size, bulk, due to attachment issues • Movement • Size, components around shoulder affect arm movement • Anxiety • Low in general condition (no data collected) increased in accelerometry studies (data collected) • Dynamic activity – damage to the device
Redesigned SensVest • Vest design • Smaller, lighter • Cooler • Can be worn over or under own shirt • Adjustable size
Comfort of new SensVest • Comfort scored when carrying out self selected activities • CRS scores lowered for new design • New design improved comfort
WECA PC • Wearable PC that displays different web pages depending on your location. • Worn in side bag over the shoulder • Measures 17x4x10cm • Weighs 600g • See Bristow et al.
WECA PC Comfort • Comfort assessed under two conditions • General condition • After carrying out self selected activities (as used in SensVest study) • After User trials • Using the WECA PC while walking around the University of Birmingham campus • See Bristow et al.
WECA PC Comfort • General pattern • Attachment, Perceived change and movement scored highest • Harm scored lowest • Between conditions • Comfort scores increased in field studies • Greatest increase in Emotion and Anxiety
WECA PC Comfort • Emotion • Size and bulk, feel conspicuous, increased in social environment • Attachment • Size and bulk, loose fitting, moves during movement • Harm • Not painful • Perceived change • Size, bulk, due to attachment issues • Movement • Size, position, inhibits arm swing when walking • Anxiety • Low in general condition (not interacting with device) • High in field study (interacting with device)
Implications • Studies show comfort should be measured over a range of dimensions • Cognitive factors of comfort should be measured • Comfort should be measured in the field when carrying out a number of activities • Knowledge of context and situations of use are important
Conclusions • CRS provide a tool to assess comfort over a range of dimensions for wearable technology • CRS can be used to measure comfort specific for device or dimension • CRS may assist designers decide what aspect of devise needs alteration to improve comfort and make more wearable • Used pre and post CRS can be used to determine the effectiveness of any modification made to design