The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941

1. The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 LTC (Retired) Oakland McCulloch

2. Outline • End of WWI and the Versailles Settlement • Mood of the World • World Wide Depression • Casualties From WWI • Appeasement to Avoid Another War • Failure of the League of Nations • In Europe • In Asia • Failure of Other Countries • Rise of ‘isms’ • Nazism, Fascism, Communism, Nationalism • Another War Was Inevitable Because…

3. The End of WWI • Germany defeated • but not destroyed • War ended with • German Army still • on French soil • German people felt • betrayed by the • government • All major European • Powers exhausted

4. The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 The Versailles Settlement • Drawn up by peace congress in Paris made up of French, • British, American delegations, assisted by a myriad of • diplomats from other minor allied powers. • Redrew the map of Europe • Germany lost territory • 9 new or renewed states formed in Eastern Europe • Germany Punished • Germany lost territory • Germany must pay huge war reparations for war damages • Developed structure of League of Nations • Germans were not involved and received the final text and • signed the treaty on 28 June 1919.

5. German Army restricted to NMT 100,000 soldiers No Armor & no General Staff German territorial losses and economic & military restrictions

6. Restructured Eastern Europe

7. Casualties In World War I KIA WIA % of Mobilized Allied Powers Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 76.3 France 1,357,800 4,266,000 76.3 British Empire 908,371 2,090,212 35.8 Italy 650,000 947,000 39.1 United States 126,000 234,300 8.2 Others 409,944343,492---- Total 5,152,115 12,831,004 52.3 Cost of World War I Major Allied Powers Major Cental Powers Germany 32.3 Austria 39.3 Turkey 52.0 Total 85.2 Billion US 32.3 Britain 39.3 British Empire 52.0 France 49.9 Russia 21.6 Italy 18.1 Total 213.2 Billion Central Powers Germany 1,773,700 4,216,058 64.9 Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 90.0 Turkey 325,000 400,000 34.2 Bulgaria 87,500152,39022.2 Total 3,386,200 8,388,448 67.4 The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 The Great Powers After the War • World Wide Depression • Casualties from WWI • Anything to Avoid Another War

8. Failure in Asia Failure in Europe • 31-32 Japan occupies Manchuria • Jul 37 – Dec 39 Invasion & • occupation of whole North East • quarter of China • Sep 40 Occupation of French • Indo-China • 7 Dec 41 Pearl Harbor • Oct 35 Italy invades Abyssinia • Mar 36 Occupation of Rhineland • Mar 38 Annexation of Austria • Sep 38 Annexation of Sudetenland • Mar 39 Take over of Czechoslavakia • Apr 39 Italy occupies Albania • Jul 36 – Mar 39 Spanish Civil War • 1 Sep 39 Invasion of Poland The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 The Failure of the League of Nations No other countries tried to stop the aggression

9. The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 The Rise of ‘isms’ • Nationalism is a policy of putting the interest of one’s won nation • before the interests of all other nations and the common interest • of mankind. • 1931-1945 was full of ‘isms’ • communism, Nazism, fascism, capitalism, colonialism, imperialism • all subordinate to Nationalism • all except capitalism linked to racism • Use of mass media (radio, film & papers) to inspire population and soldiers to carry on the fight • Nationalism caused WWII, it dominated the way the war was fought and it survived it

10. The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 Another War Was Inevitable Because… • Germany could not live with the treaty restrictions and • punishments • Germany would have to attempt to restore its dominance in Europe • France and Poland would have to prevent it • Eastern Europe’s various points of friction • The rise of Nationalism, Fascism, Nazism and Communism

11. The Continuation of the First World War, 1939-1941 Questions ?