Magazines

1. Magazines The Power of Words and Images

2. Development of a National Culture • Daniel Defoe: • founded The Review, the first magazine in England, in 1704 • looked just like the newspapers of the era • covered public policy, literature, and morals

3. Edward Cave • Gentleman’s Magazine, was the first publication to use word “magazine”

4. Magazine—a periodical that contains articles of lasting interest: • targeted at a specific audience • derived income from advertising, subscriptions, and newsstand sales • intended for a broader geographic area than newspapers • increased as nationwide advertising grew in the nineteenth century.

5. Colonial Magazines: • Publishers Andrew Bradford and Benjamin Franklin engaged in a 1740 battle over editor John Webbe. • Prior to 1800, magazines contained reprinted stories from colonial papers and British magazines, instead of original content.

6. The Saturday Evening Post: • was first published on August 4, 1821 • a year’s subscription cost two dollars • contained essays, poetry, obituaries, stories, and a column called “The Ladies’ Friend” • was the first truly national medium • had a circulation of more than 3 million in 1937 • was unable to adapt and compete with television

8. Photojournalism—the use of photographs to portray the news in print • Halftone—a process in which photographs are broken down into a series of dots that appear in shades of gray on the printed page

9. Mathew Brady—father of photojournalism: • Remembered for his pictures of the American Civil War, photographed from beginning to end • Brady and assistants were the first journalists to be “embedded”— with the Union army

13. The Magazine Business • After the American civil war, magazines grew in popularity • Postal Act of 1879—allowed periodicals to be mailed easily and inexpensively • The Economics of Magazine Publishing: • Consumer magazines—publications targeted at an audience of like-minded consumers • in 2005—approximately 6,300 consumer magazines • most visible and profitable

15. Trade magazines—published for people who work in a particular industry or business • smaller, less colorful, and more specialized • account for 17 percent of the industry’s revenue

17. Literary and commentary magazines—publications that focus on serious essays and short fiction: • examples are Harper’s, Atlantic Monthly • helped establish famous authors

18. Political journals: • The Nation: • founded in 1865 • discussed current affairs and civil rights. • The New Republic: • founded in 1914 • promoted labor, civil rights, antifascism • both featured letters from readers forum for discussion • letters were central to the magazines’ content

19. The Crisis: • started in 1910 by W. E. B. DuBois. • official voice of the NAACP. • provided outlet for black authors to publish. • leading voice against segregation in the South, black education. • suspended publication in mid-1990s to develop a new focus after losing original purpose.

20. Muckrakers—progressive investigative journalists who published in magazines in the early years of the twentieth century: • Mission to “Dig up dirt” • Samuel S. McClure: • sought to make a profit through the investigative articles he published in his magazine, McClure’s

21. Ida M. Tarbell: • reporter for McClure’s, investigated Standard Oil • five-year, fifteen-article series uncovered Standard Oil’s use of bribes, fraud, and violence

22. News Magazines: • Time founded in 1923 by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden • presents both sides of a story • indicates which side the magazine thinks is correct

23. Luce started Life magazine in 1936 • news through pictures • subscriptions skyrocketed • featured Margaret Bourke-White’s industrial photography

26. Luce started Sports Illustrated in 1954 • currently sells 3.2 million copies a week

28. Women’s Magazines: • Began in 1830, when Louis Godey began publishing Godey’s Lady’s Book: • edited by Sarah Josepha Hale from 1837 to 1877 • published and promoted women writers • promoted female causes

29. Women’s Magazines (cont.) • The Seven Sisters: • Service magazines—primarily contain articles advising how to do things in a better way • Good Housekeeping, McCall’s, Redbook, Ladies’Home Journal, Woman’s Day, Better Homes and Gardens, and Family Circle • Reduced to six in 2001; McCall’s ceased publication, renamed Rosie • shut down in December 2002

38. Fashion/Beauty/Lifestyle Magazines: • read by 40 million women every month • Vogue (1892) has long been the leading fashion magazine

41. Cosmopolitan • pioneering editor, Helen Gurley Brown, aimed to help the “mouseburgers” • current editor, Bonnie Fuller, focused on more serious issues • thirty-six international editions published

44. Men’s Magazines: • Esquire • founded in 1933 • published prominent writers • featured risqué pinups, considered a morale booster during World War II and the Korean conflict

45. Playboy • first appeared in 1953 as a competitor to Esquire • started by Hugh Hefner for less than $7,000 • promoted the sexually free good life

46. Maxim—the rebirth of men’s magazines • launched in April 1997 • offers a blend of sex, sports, and humor • tries to meet the needs of the “inner guy” • features short articles; attracts a great deal of fashion and gadget advertising

47. Magazines and Modern Society • Magazines and Body Image • in 1972, 23 percent of U.S. women dissatisfied with their overall appearance: • by 1996, grown to 48 percent • critics charge ultra-thin models to blame • Mode, a fashion magazine targeted at women size 12 and above—the average-sized women • failed due to lack of advertisers

48. Modern Ads Tackling the Body Image Issue: • Dove’s ‘Real Beauty’ campaign (2003) • Nike’s “Big Butts” and “Thunder Thighs” ads (2005) • Images of Reality: • We—intended for people with disabilities • Mamm—intended for women with cancer • Poz—intended for people who are HIV-positive