140 likes | 313 Views
MODERN ERA: 1750 - 1914. SOCIAL AND GENDER STRUCTURES. GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Increased Population Increased Urbanization Increased migration, immigration Increased wealth Spread of wealth to middle class New consumerism New roles for women, poor, minorities
E N D
MODERN ERA: 1750 - 1914 SOCIAL AND GENDER STRUCTURES
GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Increased Population • Increased Urbanization • Increased migration, immigration • Increased wealth • Spread of wealth to middle class • New consumerism • New roles for women, poor, minorities • Change in child rearing, childhood • Rise of a technical, managerial class • Invention of leisure time, common culture • Increasing demand for social reform, worker rights • Increased life span, living standard; decreased death rate • Emancipation of slaves, serfs
WESTERN INDUSTRY & FAMILIES • New social classes created by industrialization • Captains of industry: a new aristocracy of wealth • Middle class: managers, accountants, new professionals • Working class: unskilled, poorly paid, vulnerable • Dramatic changes to the industrial family • Sharp distinction between work and family life • Worked long hours outside home • Family members led increasingly separate lives • Fathers and Sons • Gained increased stature, responsibility in industrial age • Middle- and upper-class men were sole providers • Valued self-improvement, discipline, and work ethic • Imposed these values on working-class men • Workers often resisted work discipline • Working-class culture: bars, sports, gambling, outlets away from work • Mothers and daughters • Opportunities narrowed by industrialization • Working women could not bring children to work in mines or factories • Middle-class women expected to care for home and children • Increased opportunities for women to work in domestic service • Children • Many children forced to work in industry to contribute to family support • 1840s, Parliament began to regulate child labor • 1881, primary education became mandatory in England
LIMITS TO REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS • Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals: women's rights • Enlightenment call for equality not generally extended to women • Women used logic of Locke to argue for women's rights • Mary Astell attacked male dominance in the family • Mary Wollstonecraft: women possessed same natural rights as men • Women crucial to revolutionary activities • French revolution granted women rights of education, property, no vote • Olympe de Gouges's declaration of full citizenship for women too radical • Women made no significant gains in other revolutions • Gained ground in the nineteenth century in United States and Europe • Seneca Falls Declaration of Women’s Rights • Women became involved in abolitionist, temperance, reform movements • Testing the limits of revolutionary ideals: slavery • Movements to end slave trade • Began in 1700s, gained momentum during revolutions • In 1807 British Parliament outlawed slave trade • US ended it in 1807; other states followed • Illegal slave trade to Brazil, in Africa, internal within US continued • Movements to abolish slavery: difficult because of property rights • In Haiti, much of South America, end of slavery came with independence • In Western society, campaign against slave trade became abolish slavery • Abolition • In Britain in 1833, France in 1848, the United States in 1865, Brazil in 1888 • Last areas to abolish slavery were Africa and Muslim world • Abolition brought legal freedom for slaves but not political equality
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY • Process advocated with Enlightenment, Methodism • Ideas of equality of men becomes widespread • Philosophes attacked slavery, slave trade • Methodism, spreading in 18th, 19th centuries condemned slavery • William Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery, slave trade all his life • Process expanded by Revolutions, Women’s Movements • Many revolutionaries advocated ending slavery • Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery (France) • Haitian slave revolt scares American slave holders • Women advocated end to slavery as a corollary to gender equality • Process realized by the British and Americans • British parliament outlawed slave trade; US ended slave trade in 1808 (had internal slave trade) • British, US navies enforce ban; hang slavers, freed slaves to Sierra Leone (Amistad Mutiny) • Latin American revolutions abolish slavery during revolutions • British emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout their empire • Civil Wars, Emancipations and Manumissions • US abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil War • Emancipation Proclamation 1863 • 14th, 15th, 16th Amendments of 1866 • Russia abolished serfdom in 1863 • Brazil emancipated and manumitted its slaves in 1888 • Princess Regent of Brazil abolished slavery in political fight with land owners • Brazilian elite abolish monarchy, paid slave holders for their lost slaves • Slavery trade still existed in Muslim world, Africa, East Africa (British suppress in 1870s) • Contract labor, share cropping, indentured servitude, tenant farming remained • Racial equality not included as part of abolition
CHANGES IN WESTERN SOCIETY AFTER 1850 • Changes for workers • Better wages • Decrease of working hours • Rise of leisure time • Increased health, physical risks • Growth of white collar work force • Managerial • Entrepreneurial • Bureaucratic workers of government • Secretarial, office workers • Growth of blue collar work force • Industrial • Technical • Miners • Decrease in ratio of farmers to whole society • Technology increased productivity • Increased productivity lower prices, reduced need for farmers • Farmers began to migrate to cities, industry; immigrate abroad • Increased roles for women due to industrialization, education
AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETIES • The United States • By late 19TH century • United States was a multicultural society • Dominated by white elites • Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations • Dawes Act, 1887: encouraged natives to farm on marginal land • Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians' survival • Children sent to boarding schools, lost native language, traditions • Freed slaves often denied civil rights • Northern armies forced South to undergo Reconstruction • After Reconstruction, a violent backlash overturned reforms • South segregated; blacks denied opportunities, political rights • American women's movement had limited success • "Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American feminists in 1848 • Sought education, employment, and political rights • Migrants • 25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914 • Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born" Americans • Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little Italy and Chinatown • Antagonism to Asians led to legal exclusion of Chinese and Japanese migrants • Brazil and the United States had many similarities • Key difference was that Brazil had a higher percentage of blacks, mixed populations • Brazil avoided a civil war and emancipated peacefully • Interior of Brazil remained largely unsettled, unexploited; Indians mistreated
NEO-EUROPEAN CONTRASTS • Neo-Europes • Defined: Settler colonies which came to resemble European societies • In all practical purposes they were part of the Western World • Canada • Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and French populations • Significant minority of indigenous people displaced by whites • Blacks • Free after 1833 but not equal • Former slaves, some escaped from United States • Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British Columbia, worked on railroad • Late nineteenth and early twentieth century, waves of European migrants • Expansion into Northwest Territories increased British and French conflicts • Northwest Rebellion • Led by the métis, descendents of French traders and native women • Conflict between natives, métis, and white settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s • Louis Riel, leader of western métis and indigenous peoples • Riel organized a government and army to protect land and trading rights • Canadian authorities outlawed his government and exiled him, 1870s • In 1885 • Riel again led métis resistance against railroads and British settlements • Rebels were subdued and Riel was executed for treason • French Canadians suspicious of British elites after Northwest Rebellion • Australia, New Zealand (and to a lesser degree, South Africa) resemble Canada • Aborigines, Maoris, Bantus all driven from lands, placed in reservations • Some examples of resistance by Zulu, Maoris to British settlement • In all except South Africa, large European immigration overwhelmed natives
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY • Latin American societies • Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of colonialism • European descendants dominate all aspects of state, economic, social life • Europeanization of all aspects, classes, activities of society • Bipolar society • Male vs. Female • Elite vs. Masses • White vs. Colored • Urban vs. rural • Castes • Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is not de facto • Stigma of color and former status prevented much change • Liberal reforms, Positivism often sacrificed legal rights, color for economic wealth, profit • Large-scale migration in nineteenth century brought cultural diversity • Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated through intermarriage • East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved cultural traditions • European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of the Americas“ • Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed • Male domination • Central feature of Latin American society in nineteenth century • Machismo: culture of male strength, aggression • Women’s Rights • Women barred legally from any influence; remained under nearest male’s influence • No significant women's movement • Aristocratic women more constrained than lower classes • Poor women worked, often controlled local markets • Efforts to improve education girls increased opportunities for women (as teachers)
SOCIETY OUTSIDE OF THE WEST • Westernization or Modernization? • Reform often equated with loss of traditional rights • Westernization supported only by small group, usually intellectuals • Modernization often limited only to industrialization • Imperialism • Ethnic elites often imitated western society • Nationalism equated with need to preserve tradition • Social Groups • Conservative Elites • Europeans left traditional elites in power under colonial supervisors • Older elites become status quo, often unwilling to reform • Middle Class and Intellectual Elites • Often a new group produced by exposure to westerners, industrialization, commerce • Many expressed their new found force in universities, bureaucracy, civil service, technocrats • Often worked with westerners, colonialists to become hope for future independence • Later would form the core of the leaders of the anti-colonial revolutions, revolts • Industrial workers • Small force outside of Japan but it did become influential in some countries • Peasants and farmers • Remained the bulk of most of the world’s population • Very suspicious of reform, change unless it insured their property rights • Tended to be hostile to technology, outside influences • Outsiders or Foreigners • Many colonial powers used outsiders to run their empires or brought in labor from elsewhere • Groups formed isolated, often hated groups by most classes of older societies
EMPIRES AND SOCIETY • Imperialism disrupted old social patterns • Rearranged social hierarchy to suit occupiers’ needs, understandings • Europeans, Americans always on top of social hierarchy, lived in capitals, owned wealth • Used existing colonial differences to divide locals, control colonies • Colonial boundaries cut across ethnic, tribal boundaries further dividing peoples • Often used minorities including hated ones to administer colonies • Europeans often imported other colonial peoples to administer different colonies • Colonial conflict not uncommon in nineteenth century • Glorious Little Wars were often rebellions, resistance to Western encroachment • Resistance included boycotts, political parties, anti-colonial publications • Conflict among different groups united under colonial rule • Hawaii: Locals resented Japanese, Chinese immigrants as much as Americans • South Africa: Anti-Apartheid movement began amongst Hindu laborers • "Scientific racism" popular in nineteenth century • Race became the measure of human potential • Europeans considered superior • Non-White Europeans were considered inferior and needed civilization • Gobineau divided humanity into 4 main racial groups, each with traits • Social Darwinism: "survival of fittest" used to justify European domination • Colonial experience only reinforced popular racism • Assumed moral superiority of Europeans = White Racial Supremacy • Racist views in U.S. treatment of Filipinos, Japanese treatment of Koreans • Colonizers kept themselves separate from locals, created segregated communities • Westerns strongly discouraged from any marriage, mixing with locals
WOMEN IN SOCIETY • Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results 1750-1914 • Women served as auxiliaries to men • Would not press changes • Women tended to lack mass support • From legislators • From other women • Female revolutionaries • Tended to put class interests above gender issues • Favored social reform, economic relief • Initially very influential in French Revolution • Women belief that their place was at home, with children • Restoration of Conservative elite often limited any gains by women • Post-Revolutionary Era Women’s Rights • Industrialization radically altered working women’s roles publicly and privately • Women moved into the work force in great numbers • Women began to earn some money, independence, began to organize • Women often still held responsible for home, children, family too • Political activism, issues resurrected by middle class, upper class women • Learned to publish and to organize; promoted education • Political activism tended towards • Opposition to state supported prostitution • Aide to unwed mothers, orphans, widows with children • Temperance Leagues were largely dominated by women • Women became very active in abolitionism, peace movements • Suffrage Movement • Women demanded right to vote; strongest in settler countries where women had major influence • Came slowly: 1 nation in 1900; 3 in 1910; 15 in 1920
CULT OF DOMESTICITY • Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial, Agriculture Revolutions • Decreased death rate from child birth • Women tend to have fewer children as more survive • Death of women in child birth raises live span of women over that of men • First time in history women began to live longer than men • 19TH Century Social Ideal • Common to West, similar traditions in non-Western cultures • Women were expected to take care of family • Children, home were more important • Women expected to have children, look after the family • Public roles of women limited • Industrial Revolution changes, threatens ideal • Women acquire a public role • Women admitted to work force in great numbers • Acquired purchasing power, influence • Acquired increased independence from husbands • Extra income helped family, increased family health • Reality Was • Female workers not treated same as males • Women with families still had to take care of families • Child Rearing Changes • Prior to 19th century: 1/3 children die in first year – not much attachment until one year old • More interest in children as they survive; fewer children in family; more quality time • Relationship between children, parents now much closer • Tendency to introduce earlier childhood education, compulsory primary education
WOMEN & IMPERIALISM • European Women and Imperialism • Much evidence that European women actively supported imperialism • Tended to encourage, support Western ideas of racism, morality, domesticity and violence • Non-Western Women and Their Rights • Emancipation often meant liberation from older traditions, husbands • Political emancipation, nationalism often took first place over women’s issues • Progress was slower abroad than in the west, if it came at all • Emancipation or change often considered too radical, western • Many western men had foreign mistresses, mixed families independent of European wife, family • African Women • Men often forced to work away from family: women took over male roles: Herding, Farming • Colonists often needed domestic labor and hired African women but little real change • India • British outlawed widow burning (sati) • Many upper class women acquired education, publicly visible if husbands were westernized • China • Many Western missionaries were women; Chinese women often became active in missions • Many elite Chinese women educated abroad; married westernized husbands (Soong Sisters) • Japan • Meiji changes effected women: some entered work force, some acquired an education • Japanese women still largely uneffected by changes in Japanese society • Latin American Women • Latin American elite became thoroughly westernized in its outlook • Women may have dressed, acted like their western sisters but far more restricted by tradition • Mexican Revolution saw increased roles, involvement of women in revolution, often as soldiers