1914-1918: The World at War

1. 1914-1918:The Worldat War By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S.Ms. SnyderCCHS

2. Differing Viewpoints • “Family Feud” • “Fall of the Eagles” • “The War to End All Wars” • “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

3. Causesof theWar

4. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

5. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

6. The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha[Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

7. Europe in 1914

8. 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.

9. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

10. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

11. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The“Powder Keg”of Europe

12. “Powder Keg” of Europe • Two alliance system in existence • French unhappiness at the loss of Alsace & Lorraine (F-P War) • Arms race between Germany and France • Naval rivalry between Britain and Germany • Austria and Russia competing for influence in the Balkans • Germany attempts to gain colonies annoying and frightening Fr., Br., R.

13. The“Spark”

14. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

15. The Assassination: Sarajevo Video

16. The Assassin: GavriloPrincip

17. Four Steps to War #1 Austria Declares War against Serbia – July 28, 1914

18. Still Part of Step #1 A. July 5 – The Blank Check Pay to A-H “You can rely on us” From G.

19. B. July 23 – The Ultimatum If you strike my friend, I’ll.. If you hit him, I’ll… Hi there, if you don’t… If you hit that little feller, I’ll… If you make a move, I’ll If you touch me, I’ll… France Great Britain Germany Russia Austria Serbia

20. C.July 25 –Serbia sends a reply and rejects part of the ultimatum Russia The sentence that caused a war 6.   The [Serbian] Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory.   As far as the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the [Austro-Hungarian] Government is concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure. --Serbian Response to the Ultimatum, 25 July, 1914 Serbia Austria The Power Behind Austria (at the ultimatum steps). “I don’t quite like his attitude. Somebody Must be backing him.”

21. D. July 28 – A-H Declares War • Interestingly, the Kaiser thought the Serbs reply was SO conciliatory, that after reading it, he wrote: “the reply amounted to a capitulation in the humblest style, and with it there disappeared all reason for war.” Austrians look unfair, unreasonable, and war-mad to rest of the world

22. Russia Mobilizes A. Willy-Nicky Letters July 29, 1914 An unjust war has been declared on a weak country. The anger in Russia shared fully by me is enormous. I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war, I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.-Nicky (July 29, 1914, telegram) Four Steps to War #2 Kaiser Wilhem II Tsar Nicholas II

23. B. Despite the correspondence with Wilhelm, Nicholas begins a partial mobilization - July 29, 1914 Russia begins general mobilization –Generals can’t mobilize against A-H without mobilizing against Germany too! –July 30-31, 1914 Still Step #2

24. Four Steps to War #3 Schlieffen Plan • General Alfred von Schlieffen • Deal with a potential 2-Front War • France is weak => Defeat 1st • 90% of the German Army • Based on assumption that Russia would be slow to mobilize

25. The Schlieffen Plan

26. Still Step #3 Wilhelm needed to know France’s Plan • Aid Russia? Or Not? • Germany issues Russia and France and ultimatum July 31, 1914

27. Still Step #3 A. Russian Ultimatum Demobilize– get off the German border B.French Ultimatum Stay neutral – don’t get involved

28. Still Step #3 C.The problem with the Schlieffen Plan • Requires Germany to invade through neutral Belgium to get to Paris quickly Belgium This is a huge risk

29. Still Step #3 C.The problem with the Schlieffen Plan continued • Treaty of London 1839 – Britain and Prussia • Guaranteed Belgian neutrality • But, there’s no Plan B • Russia is mobilizing too fast

30. D. August 1 – G. Declares war on Russia

31. August 3 – G. Declares war on France

32. F. August 3-4 – Germany invades Belgium

33. Four Steps to War #4 Englandjoins in • German gamble - Belgium • Britain upholds Treaty of 1839 “The greatest war of modern times, and perhaps in the whole history of the human race, was begun by Germany using the crime of a schoolboy as an excuse” The Great War -the Standard History (1914)[A British patriotic magazine published weekly]

34. August 4 – Britain declares war on Germany

35. “The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.” (Sir Edward Grey)

36. Who’s To Blame?

37. German Atrocities in Belgium

38. Mobilization • Home by Christmas! • No major war in 50 years! • Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

39. Recruitment Posters

40. A Young Australian Recruit

41. Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians

42. New French Recruits

43. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

45. Womenand theWarEffort

46. Financing the War

47. For Recruitment

48. Munitions Workers

49. French Women Factory Workers

50. German Women Factory Workers