Naval Science 412 LtCol Eggers

1. Leadership & Ethics Naval Science 412 LtCol Eggers

2. Class Agenda • Video • Course Themes • Instructor Info • Introductions • Admin/ROE • Grading • Books • Course Objectives • Intro to Ethics

3. The Questions of the Class… What is Right? How do YOU Decide? ????

4. What is Right? How do you decide?

5. Would you shoot the POW in the head? • Yes sir?!? • Counter-points: • What about the Geneva Convention? • Are you willing to go to prison for the rest of your life? • What about your family- they’ll never see you? • Will you be able to live with yourself, knowing you killed an unarmed prisoner? • What about reciprocity? Do you want the enemy to shoot you or your troops in the head when they are caught? • What about the “Moral Signal” you are sending your troops? That’s irretrievable – you can’t call it back. What will happen next week when they abuse a prisoner? • Sir, Maybe I wouldn’t ….

6. Future Ensigns & Lieutenants…What do you think??? • What is Right? How do you decide? • What is the moral dilemma? • What are my moral obligations? • What are my legal obligations? • Do my religious beliefs conflict w/ my obligations? • Where are my loyalties? Are they right? • Why does the right thing seem wrong sometimes? • Can I live with the decision for the rest of my life? • Is it usually harder to do the right thing? WHY???

7. Why Do We Teach This? It’s in the Mission • The mission of the NROTC Program is to develop young men and women morally, mentally, and physically, and to instill in them the highest ideals of honor, courage, and commitment.

8. What Is This Course About? • This course will not tell you how to act, or what ethics to have • It’s about how we will handle moral decisions in our lives and what we base our decisions on • Practice for life and the Navy/USMC • We will study many cases of military ethics as well as examples from our own careers

9. Course Themes Leadership Ethical Decision Making Professional Development

10. Themes of the Course Themes of the Course • As a military officer, what is the (distinct) source • your moral obligation? • Your Oath? Honor and service to your country? • Your legal commitment? • Your obedience to orders? Loyalty? • What is our obligation to speak the truth? • What to do with an immoral or illegal order? • What is the (moral) signal you are sending your troops? • How do you deal with your moral conscience • if ordered to do something that may go • against your morals? • You need to use some sound moral reasoning • Is following orders enough of a justification? • Loyalty to your shipmates, service? • Who do we target? • Who has forfeited their right to life? • When is it justified to go to war? • How do you ethically conduct yourself in War? • What is the “fair” way to treat people? • WHY??? • What is the right thing to do? • How do we decide? • What moral theories do we use? • What are the moral considerations? • Why do we do the right thing? • Consequences? Punishment? Rewards? Peer pressure? Because it is our duty? • Just because it’s right? Character? Moral courage? • Why is it (usually) harder to do the right thing? • What are our Rights in the Military? • From where do we get our rights? • Do we give up or suspend rights to be in the military? • How does loyalty effect your moral decisions? • Peer loyalty, loyalty to superiors and your mem and women • o Loyalty above all, except for honor • . As a person, what is the source of your • moral obligation? •   o Your faith? Your beliefs (natural law)? •   o Your sense of (moral) duty?

11. OCC 10/92 Commissioned 12/92 TBS 1/93 BCOC 6/93 Radio / Wire Platoon Commander Okinawa, Japan 1/94 Director, CISD – San Diego, CA Student CCSC – Quantico, VA Instructor, CISOC - Quantico, VA G6/Company Commander 1st FSSG OIF 1 – Deputy G6 / 1st FSSG Fwd OIF II – Company Commander / XO H&S Bn / Mayor of Al Taqaddum Student, Naval War College, M.A. US Pacific Command J635 I&I 6th Comm Battalion XO NROTC UC Berkeley PCS in Jun 13 to the Hoover Institute at Stanford LtCol H. B. Eggers

12. Tell me about you! • Name • Go by…. • Major • Option • Hometown • Background • Why are you here • Interests • Your thoughts on • Ethics/Morals today • Leadership • What are you hoping to get out of this course.

13. Course Admin & ROE(Rules of Engagement) • Food / Drink • Attendance • Be on time & Participate • Do the Reading & Review Objectives • Current Events • No cell phones during class • Be capable of facilitating class sessions.

14. Ground Rules • Free and open discussion: • Don’t be intimidated…I will challenge your answer – Don’t take it personally • Let people finish what they are saying • Be respectful of others’ ideas – every idea has value – Actively listen • Challenge ideas, don’t attack people – no ridicule – Respect is paramount • What is said does not leave the room

15. Leadership and Ethics • Late Work • Homework and papers must be turned in on time. • Late work will be (at least) a grade lower • Will consider extensions if requested in ADVANCE. • Missing Work • All work must be completed—even if late. • If you have not completed all the requirements of the course by the last day of class… • a grade of “F” will be awarded for the assignment • could earn an “F” for the course

16. Leadership and Ethics Plagiarism or cheating will result in a Grade of “F”/DISENROLLMENT for the course and can be cause for dismissal from the NROTC program. Cheating???...in an Ethics Class???

17. Leadership and Ethics Grading Policy: Ethics Essay 25% Mid-Term Exam 20% Ethics Presentation 15% Class Participation 10% Final Exam 30% College level effort, for college credit, for a 400-level college course

18. Ethics Essay • Approved topic relating to leadership & ethics • Naval War College format • Proposal due by 7 Feb • Paper due 4 Apr • Identify & discuss an ethical leadership challenge facing Junior Officers in the Fleet/FMF • Develop recommendations to address the challenge using course concepts

19. Ethics Paper Writing Rubric

20. Ethics Presentation • Group project • Groups of 3-4 • Group assignments due on 31 Jan • 11 April delivery • Address Current Military Ethics Issue • Presentation (15% of grade) • 15 minute presentation to class • 5 minutes for questions Briefing skills are critical for every warfare specialty

21. Case Studies • Why Use Them? • Become aware of the kinds of moral conflicts you may face • Improves your ability to reason about certain circumstances • Helps you choose wisely when confronted with a moral crisis • Helps clarify the core values of the Military profession • How To Use them • Study the scenario and it’s details • Picture yourself in that situation • Determine: • What’s the dilemma? • What options or choices are there? • What are the outcome/ramifications of your actions/inactions? • What’s the right thing to do? • How do you decide – based on what?

22. Extra Instruction…or just plain help I get paid to assist you …that goes for the staff, too. Drop by my office at any time... however,…Best to make an appointment. heggers@military.berkeley.edu Office (510) 642-5437 Home (510) 647-8134 Cell (818) 309-0404

23. Book Issue Bulk of Leadership and Ethics Readings for Thursday! Senior Seminar

24. Fleet Standards • Treat you like a junior officer in the wardroom or battalion. • Give your best to each assignment • Writing and speaking are critical skills for a Junior Officer • Successful officers don’t do just “good enough” to getby…

25. Product Disclaimersand claimers… • Teach not Preach • I don’t have all the answers • Be honest & candid • Thick skin…I will play the role of “Devil’s Advocate” • Hollywood examples • Ethics vs Senior Seminar • Career Relevance • You know more than you think you do • Immediate application of concepts

26. Some thoughts as we start… A little learning is a dangerous thing! Leadership is your chosen profession. Leadership without ethics gives us Hitlers… Leadership and ethics require practice if you want to grow. You will continue to get GMT… …this will be the last time you spend this much time on ethics. … You have 6 months until you will be tested in the fleet.

27. Leadership and Ethics Course Objectives • Challenge your ideas about ethics and leadership • Teach you • the moral consideration you must consider and • fundamental leadership concepts • Give you • Variety of moral issues to consider • Some leadership tools to use • Opportunities to apply the them Be capable of sound, timely, ethical decision making! • Desired Effect: Help you continue to develop an effective and moral leadership capability and style.

28. Unveiling Exercise Mission – Destroy critical communications nodes behind enemy lines Desired effect – Neutralize enemy SAM sites prior to initial air strike Time – 1300, Mid August Place – Iranqi (fictional) Desert

29. Mission: Deep Desert Recon Immediate CBR threat reported16 hours earlier by HQ Donned Protective Suits Lost communications with HQ for 8 hours (Iranqian Jamming) Prolonged use of Protecitve Suits in 140 degree heat Vommiting Halucinations Unconciousness Risk losing entire unit to Heat Stroke without immediate action You believe there is no more threat of NBC agents, but do not have adequate detection gear. Direct a squad member to unmask… …and observe conditions and reactions to determine if CBR agents present. Mission Leader must: Prioritize squads to unmask Team Leader must; Prioritize unmasking order within the squads You must decide…

30. 3 Squads Alpha: most experienced Squad Bravo: least experienced Squad Charlie: NATO Squad Each Squad has 9 Team Leader Asst Team Leader Corpsman Nav Expert Demolition Expert Radioman PFC Unconscious PFC Unconscious E-8 Scenario Teams …Plus Overall Mission Commander • Mission Leader must: • Prioritize squads to unmask • Team Leader must; • Prioritize unmasking order within the squads

31. After Action Report How did you determine who goes first? Volunteers? Should team leader be first, or is he more important to the mission? Is it OK to unmask the unconscious guy? Which squad goes first? If you decide to order someone to unmask and they refuse…what do you do?

32. Why was this hard? Could I live with my decision?

33. Who is right? If free, educated, rational people can be so fundamentally opposed…

34. ...Because it’s not always black and white… …And it’s not always easy!

35. Are we (the military) any different? Would they have had a better answer to your scenario? • A politician • A clergyman • A lawyer • A doctor

36. Gallup Poll June 2011

37. Maybe we are seen as different…?

38. Consequences of Bad Ethics… 10,000 of these… …can’t make up for 1 of these!

39. Personal Decision or Given an Order yes Is there more than One option? One option More than One option The Moral Theories: Kantianism Utilitarianism Natural Law Divine Command Relativism Is it LEGAL? How do you decide? DO YOU DO IT? HOW DO YOU DECIDE? NO YES How do you decide? Is it Moral ? DON’T DO IT DO IT JAIL MAI LAI DO YOU DO IT ANYWAY? No The Character Question NO YES Moral Reasoning (an example)

40. WHY DO WE DO THE RIGHT THING ? Kantian Muslim Buddhist Stoicism Sin OUR MORAL THEORY OUR RELIGION Aristotle ABRAHAM KILL ANOTHER PERSON Work On Sabbath Christian Close The Hatch on the sailor Utilitarian Collateral Injury of Civilians Collateral Damage Approve Abortion Shoot the Prisoner Constitution Oath OUR MISSION Follow orders FIRING SEQUENCE Hit the target Submitted by: Capt Rick Rubel

41. Frame work for Ethical Decision-Making • Identify the problem. • Specify feasible alternatives. • Use your ethical resources to identify morally significant factors in each alternative. • Propose and test possible resolutions. • Make your Choice.

42. Bottom Line During your time in NROTC, and undoubtedly before your life as a midshipman, you have experienced many styles of leadership and you have had first-hand experience practicing leadership with your peers and juniors. Are you ready to lead Sailors and Marines in combat?

43. Questions? Questions?

44. Next Class: Why Study Ethics?Intro to Moral Reasoning • Objectives from reading: • Recognize factors that make ethics hard • Understand the pervasiveness of the psychological motivation of self interest. • Questions to answer: • On the Eve of Battle • Why did Col give this pre-battle speech? • Ring of Gyges • What would most people do with the ring? Why? • Why Ethics is so Hard • What are the factors the author identifies that make ethical decision making hard? • Compare article to “Selective Unmasking” & “Boat People” case study • What factors were common? Reading Assignment EMP (Part 1-2A) • Why Study Ethics? (Lucas), pp. 3-7; On the Eve of Battle (Lucas), pp. 9-11; Ring of Gyges (Plato), pp. 13-14; Why Ethics is So Hard (Grassey), pp. 15-19; pp. 22-27; pp. 29 – 31; A Higher Moral Standard for the Military (Ficarrotta), pp. 33-43; CSME (1-15) • Introduction (Rubel), pp. xv-xvii; pp. 3-5; pp. 7-11; Rescuing the Boat People (Rubel), pp. 13-15.