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Sensemaking: From Inside the Ivory Tower

Sensemaking: From Inside the Ivory Tower. Workshop on CWA The I-School, University of Washington November 2 - 5, 2004 Seattle, Washington USA. Science Finds, Industry Applies, Man Conforms. People Propose, Science Studies, Technology Conforms Don Norman (1993). People Adapt,

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Sensemaking: From Inside the Ivory Tower

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  1. Sensemaking:From Inside the Ivory Tower Workshop on CWA The I-School, University of Washington November 2 - 5, 2004 Seattle, Washington USA

  2. Science Finds, Industry Applies, Man Conforms

  3. People Propose, Science Studies, Technology Conforms Don Norman (1993)

  4. People Adapt, Science Adapts, Technology Adapts Charles Billings (1997)

  5. Jens Rasmussen C.S. Peirce Gene Rochlin McRuer James Gibson Henk Stassen Dick Pew Rich Jagacinski Ed Hutchins Dave Woods Tom Sheridan Fumiya Tanabe Charles Perrow Gary Klein Morton Lind William James Kim Vicente Karl Weick Tom Sheridan Henry Jex Lucy Suchman

  6. Cognitive Systems Engineering Use-centered Design Work Design Multi Agent System Sensemaking Ecological Interface Distributed Cognition Abstraction Hierarchy Gulf of Execution Situation Awareness Naturalistic Decision Making User-centered Design Direct Manipulation Self-Organization

  7. Fundamental Regulator ParadoxWeinberg & Weinberg (1979) Good drivers , experienced on icy roads, will intentionally test the steering from time to time by “jiggling” to cause a small amount of skidding. By this technique they intentionally sacrifice the perfect regulation they know they cannot attain in any case. In return, they receive information that will enable them to do a more reliable, though less perfect job. (p. 251)

  8. System of Systems Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Field of Information Field of Possibilities Field of Beliefs Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  9. Control Of Collisions Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Optical Flow Fields Angle, Exp Rate Inertial Dynamics [Max Braking] Internal Model Of Limits Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  10. Time History

  11. Optical Criteria

  12. Braking Curves

  13. Boundaries in Optical Space

  14. An Image to Consider Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Pheromone Distribution Ecology (location of food, wind, etc.) Preferences Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  15. Tanabe’s Dilemma “Last week I presented our analysis of the JCO Criticality Accident at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society. I felt like a stranger … it seems that almost nobody understood me … they were mostly psychologists.” “It is very interesting for me to observe, concerning the accident, that many people talk about risk perception and human factors problems without investigating what kinds of risks were there in the working place and other aspects of the work.”

  16. Control Command An Image to Consider Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  17. An Image to Consider The Game Coaching Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  18. Termite NestsSelf-OrganizationMulti-agent Systems

  19. An Image to Consider Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Pheromone Distribution Ecology (location of food, wind, etc.) Preferences Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  20. System of Systems Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Interface Specificity Work Domain Possibilities Concept Domain Desirability Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  21. Observation/Abduction Control Physical Info Value Physical Sciences Life Sciences Social Sciences Dynamical Systems

  22. Dynamical Systems Observation/Abduction Control Physical Info Value sciences Physical Sciences Life Sciences Social Sciences

  23. S C I E N C E Dynamical Systems Observation/Abduction Control Physical Info Value The Sciences Physical Sciences Life Sciences Social Sciences

  24. “Supporting knowledge-based behavior through ecological interface design”

  25. Bennett Edwards Klein McKellar Dunn “First, do no harm: Expertise and metacognition in laparoscopic surgery” Jay Holden

  26. Norbert Wiener (1948) “the most fruitful areas for the growth of the sciences were those which had been neglected as no-man’s land between the various established fields . . . A proper exploration of these blank spaces on the map of science could be made only by a team of scientists, each a specialist but each possessing a thoroughly sound acquaintance with the fields of his fellows.”

  27. Wright Brothers

  28. The End Questions?

  29. Sensemaking • Dynamic Process (circular causality) • Perception and Action Coupled • Observation and Control Problems • Spring Metaphor (focus on constraints) • Values • Information • Action • Research • Visualizing State Spaces (Interacting fields of constraint) • Vertical Analyses (span multiple levels of abstraction)

  30. Adaptive Control Context Sensitivity Adaptive Logic Hypothesis Surprise Reference Model + + Observer Anticipative Action + + Reaction + Plant Reference Output - Control Disturbance or Context Feedback

  31. Control Problem Context Sensitivity Adaptive Logic Hypothesis Surprise Reference Model + + Observer Anticipative Action + + Reaction + Plant Reference Output - Control Disturbance or Context Feedback

  32. Observation Problem Context Sensitivity Adaptive Logic Hypothesis Surprise Reference Model + + Observer Anticipative Action + + Reaction + Plant Reference Output - Control Disturbance or Context Feedback

  33. An Image to Consider Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Interface (Comparator) Work Domain Concepts (Expertise) Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  34. Implications for Researchon Cognitive Systems Search for Meaning (Constraints)

  35. Control Of Collisions Control Problem Observer Problem Goals & Expectations (Intention & Prediction) Consequences & Information (Perception) Optical Flow Fields Inertial Dynamics Expectations Confirmation & Surprise (Metacognition) Control & Exploration (Action)

  36. Cybernetics (Wiener, 1948) “Cybernetics is a word invented to define a new field in science. It combines under one heading the study of what in a human context is sometimes loosely described as thinking and in engineering is known as control and communication. In other words, cybernetics attempts to find the common elements in the functioning of automatic machines and of the human nervous system, and to develop a theory which will cover the entire field of control and communication in machines and in living organisms.”

  37. Control & Communication Stimulus Response Encoding Pattern Recog Decision Motor Control

  38. Control & Communication Stimulus Response Encoding Pattern Recog Decision Motor Control

  39. The Feedback Principle(Norbert Wiener, 1948) “The feedback principle introduces an important new idea in nerve physiology. The central nervous system no longer appears to be a self-contained organ receiving signals from the senses and discharging into the muscles. On the contrary, some of its most characteristic activities are explainable only as a circular process, traveling from the nervous system into the muscles and re-entering the nervous system through the sense organism.”

  40. Control & Communication Stimulus Response Encoding Pattern Recog Decision Motor Control

  41. Control & Communication Stimulus Motor Control Encoding Response Decision Pattern Recog Circular Causality?

  42. Control & Communication Ecology Stimulus Motor Control Encoding Response Decision Pattern Recog Ecological?

  43. Servomechanism Disturbance + Reference Error Command Output Control Logic Physical Plant Intended Action + - + Feedback

  44. The Spring Metaphor Spring Constant Damping Pull Mass + 1/mass Integral Integral Pull Position Acceleration Velocity - - Damping Spring Constant

  45. .. . F(t) = mx(t) + dx(t) + sx(t) The Spring Metaphor Spring Constant Damping Pull Pull - d*vel - s*pos Mass F = ma + 1/mass Integral Integral Pull Position Acceleration Velocity - - Damping Spring Constant

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