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This course provides an overview of classical physics, covering Newton's Laws, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, and thermodynamics. It delves into classical mechanics of the 17th and 18th centuries, electromagnetism, and optics of the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as modern topics such as special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, and relativistic quantum mechanics. The focus also includes the four fundamental forces of nature: strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and gravitational force. The course culminates in discussing the Standard Model of Particle Physics, Quantum Chromodynamics, and the Electro-Weak force. Explore the vast realms of physics from macroscopic classical laws to the microscopic quantum world and the essential role of statistical mechanics in bridging the gap between the two worlds.
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The Structure of Physics Classical Physics is The Foundation of pure & applied (macroscopic) physics & engineering! Newton’s Laws+ Electromagnetism +Statistical Mechanics+ Thermodynamics. (The Latter Topics are what this course is about!) These together give a good description of most of the macroscopic world.
The Structure of Physics Classical Physics is The Foundation of pure & applied (macroscopic) physics & engineering! Newton’s Laws+ Electromagnetism +Statistical Mechanics+ Thermodynamics. (The Latter Topics are what this course is about!) These together give a good description of most of the macroscopic world. Classical Mechanics (Newton, Lagrange, Hamilton,..) The Physics of the 17th & 18th Centuries. Still useful in the 21st Century!!
Physics Structure 1. Classical Electromagnetism & Optics (Newton, Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell,..) The Physics of the 18th & 19th centuries. Still useful in the 21st Century!
Physics Structure 1. Classical Electromagnetism & Optics (Newton, Coulomb, Gauss, Ampere, Faraday, Maxwell,..) The Physics of the 18th & 19th centuries. Still useful in the 21st Century! 2. High Speeds(v ≤ ~ c) Special (& General) Relativity (Einstein, ..) 20th & 21st Century Physics!
Physics Structure 3. Small Size(atomic & smaller): Quantum Mechanics (Bohr,Schrödinger, Heisenberg….) 20th & 21st Century physics!
Physics Structure 3. Small Size(atomic & smaller): Quantum Mechanics (Bohr,Schrödinger, Heisenberg….) 20th & 21st Century physics! 4. Relativity + Quantum Mechanics: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (Dirac,…) 20th & 21st Century physics! Quantum Field Theory (Feynman,Schwinger, ..) 20th & 21st Century physics!
“Mechanics” • HOW objects move (behave) under given forces. • (Usually) Does not deal with the sourcesof forces. Answers the question: Given the forces, how do objects move? • Forces in the universe are classified into 4 types: The 4 Fundamental Forces Of Nature! Some version of Mechanics applies to all four!
The 4 Fundamental Forces of NatureThe sourcesof the forces, in order of decreasing strength
The 4 Fundamental Forces of NatureThe sourcesof the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched.
The 4 Fundamental Forces of NatureThe sourcesof the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched. The Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, ...
The 4 Fundamental Forces of NatureThe sourcesof the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched. The Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, ... The Weak Nuclear Force: Nuclear decay. Fermi, Bethe, others. Electroweak Theory.
The 4 Fundamental Forces of NatureThe sourcesof the forces, in order of decreasing strength The Strong Nuclear Force: Binds nuclei together. Explained by the “Standard Model” & Quantum Chromodynamics. Still being researched. The Electromagnetic Force: E&M phenomena. Chemical forces. Most everyday forces. Maxwell, Coulomb, Ampere, Faraday, ... The Weak Nuclear Force: Nuclear decay. Fermi, Bethe, others. Electroweak Theory. The Gravitational Force: Newton (classical mechanics), Einstein (general relativity), Hawking….
The 4 Fundamental Forces of NatureThe sourcesof the forces, in order of decreasing strength
The Four Fundamental Forces The “Electro-Weak” Force Since ~ the late 1960’s, in some sense, the 4 fundamental forces have been reduced to 3! The Electromagnetic Force& the Weak Nuclear Forcewere combined into one theory. This was done by S. Weinberg & A. Salaam. For this work, they received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics!
The Standard Model of Particle Physics “Periodic Table for Elementary Particles”!Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) & the Electroweak Theory Protons & Neutrons consist of 3 Quarks each.
The Rest of Physics! • What we’ve mentioned so far is all of physics except: Statistical Mechanics(& Thermodynamics) “Stat Mech” is the mechanics of systems of huge numbers (>> ~ 1023) of particles. Stat Mech: 1. Uses Probability & Statistics to calculate macroscopic properties from microscopic force laws. 2. Applies to BOTHthe Classical & the Quantum worlds! 3. Is the major linkbetween microscopic & macroscopic physics! 4. Contains Thermodynamicsas a sub-theory!
The Most Important Point: Statistical Mechanics is important because it is the major link between microscopic & macroscopic physics!
