Tatjana Mika Research Data Center of the German Federal Pension Insurance tatjana.mika@drv-bund.de

1. Transnational working biographies: What should we measure?Nationality, place of residence, place of work or place of birth? Tatjana Mika Research Data Center of the German Federal Pension Insurance tatjana.mika@drv-bund.de Jochen Baumann Humboldt Universität zu Berlin jochen.baumann@rz.hu-berlin.de Social statistics and ethnic diversity. Should we count, how should we count and why? Session 4.1.: Applications: Regional cases

2. Migration policy and the social structure of migrants Social Citizenship for migrants Official Statistics: the overestimated and the uncountable Social Statistics from the pension insurance: who came, who stayed, who left and who returned Catch me if you can: How to count transnational working migrants Structure of the presentation

3. Migration policy and the labor market inclusion of the migrant population • Important aspects of migration regulation: • Allowance to come before finding work • Allowance to work (short or long) • Allowance to stay if periodically unemployed • Important aspects of social security protection: • Right to means tested social assistance • Limited or unlimited social security protection (unemployment insurance) • Right to have the pension sent abroad (without deductions) • The EU limits today the state sovereignty of German migration policy for citizens of other EU member states and for many third country nationals

4. Guest workers 1.) They came from a limited number of countries (treaties between Germany and the sending states of southern Europe) after 1955 2.) They had no freedom of movement except Italians (EU-Member) and were often chosen by state employment agencies. Circular migration was common among them, less among others 4.) Gradually inclusion in social insurances 3.) In 1973 the program was terminated. Family migration enduring 4.) An official return program tried to coax former guest worker to leave in 1983-1984 5.) From 1992 on naturalization was easier available after 15 years of residence/2000: after 8 years Ethnically privileged migrants 1.) They come from the regions where Germans settled in CE Europe from the 13th Century on (Romania, Poland, Russia) and from regions where they re-settled in WWII (e. g. Kazakhstan) 2.) The conditions of eligibility was German descend, including family members 3.) Only after 1989 the possibility of free travel was given to most people eligible for this program 4.) Immediate naturalization after arrival 5.) From 1992 on, immigration from a number of countries was no longer possible (Romania). The former USSR remains a sending country. Immigration policy in Germany from 1950 to 2006for the two main groups of migrants

5. - Long term services like old age pensions must be financed by all countries a person has worked in Portability of old age pension without deductions in a country of choice (in the EU and many other countries) Coordination of very short contribution periods (up to 12 months) is not obligatory for the pension funds No inclusion for those not working compulsorily insured, especially self-employed Immediate service must be offered by the country of residence (most importantly health care) Discrimination of migrants in social insurance is generally prohibited. Social citizenship for migrantsin the context of social security coordination

6. National statistics on migrants Inflow-Outflow statistics on the basis of local registers count people crossing the border (causing overestimation of foreigners if circular migration occurs). Central register of foreigners based on locally registered foreigners (causes overestimation, if people do not deregister). Does not include ethnically privileged migrants. Survey data Microcensus (since 2005 including questions on naturalization and country of origin) have still problems with identifying ethnically privileged migrants. Not including re-migrating Germans.

7. Data Data from the German Pension Fund, including all persons who worked socially insured in Germany. Selection for this analysis: Full sample of all pensioners age 60 and over at the 31th of December 2006 (birth cohorts up to 1946) from the total of 17 Mio. pensioners. Place of residents inside or outside Germany. Variables used to identify migrants: -Nationality (Italian and Successors States of Yugoslavia) for guest workers -Work history of ethnically privileged migrants from their country of origin (Romania and Successor States of the Former USSR) - Work history of working abroad for Germans

8. Italy Successor states of Yugoslavia Romania Successor states of the former USSR EU membership Yes No Yes No Migration policy Guest Workers Guest Workers Ethnically privileged Ethnically privileged Countries of origin included in the analysis

9. Source: Statistics of the German Pension Fund, Old age and disability pensions paid at the 31.12.2006, first granted from 1992-2006, Birth cohorts up to 1946

10. Source: Statistics of the German Pension Fund, Old age and disability pensions paid at the 31.12.2006, first granted from 1992-2006, Birth cohorts up to 1946

11. Bi-national Working career of ethnically privileged migrants Source: Statistics of the German Pension Fund, Old age and disability pensions paid at the 31.12.2006, first granted from 1992-2006, Birth cohorts up to 1946

12. Return migration to the country of origin in retirement age Source: Statistics of the German Pension Fund, Old age and disability pensions paid at the 31.12.2006, first granted from 1992-2006, Birth cohorts up to 1946

13. Whom do we count on the national territory? People living inside Germany’s borders today Ethnically belonging Germans, born outside Germany‘s borders in Eastern European countries, moving to Germany Germans born in German territoriy of the past before 1945 Germans, who worked abroad (and often have returned as pensioners) Foreigners, who worked in Germany and re-migrated often as pensioners or before

14. What should we count to measure transnational working biographies? The right measurement depends on the historic context and the immigration and integration policy for the respective group Place of birth: usually valid information, but not if borders have changed Nationality: social selectivity problem, unless state is not granting citizenship to working migrants; also indicator for preferred country First time of immigration: better than singular counting of inflow Place of residence: important information for return migration Work history in another country: Important information for evaluating the life course, especially important for national citizens, who worked abroad and returned

15. Thank you for your attention !Merci pour votre attention!