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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century. Social Crises & War. Witchcraft Craze witchcraft was nothing new in European villages, but the medieval church began connecting it to diabolical activities

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

  2. Social Crises & War • Witchcraft Craze • witchcraft was nothing new in European villages, but the medieval church began connecting it to diabolical activities • might have been a village healer or a mysterious person living just outside the community • craze of 16th & 17th cent differed from previous witch-hunts because of the # of trials & executions carried out • maleficium – malicious, supernatural harm • more than 100,000 prosecuted; numbers on executions unreliable & vary widely • large cities affected first, trials spread into rural areas & hysteria lasted well into 17th century • social conditions led to problems: • Economics – old communal values vs. “look out for one’s self” • Religious – trials often took place in areas where Protestantism controlled • Women targets because they were “naturally inferior” & easier to corrupt

  3. Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648) • Conflict between militant Catholicism & Calvinism played role in outbreak of war • Often called “ the last of the religious wars” but by the end of the fighting, it was clear that secular desires were more important • Most of the fighting took place in HRE, but it became a Europe-wide struggle • 1555 - Peace of Augsburg ended religious fighting between Catholics & Lutherans but didn’t recognize Calvinists • Calvinist prince, Fredrick IV formed the Protestant Union & Duke Maximilian of Bavaria formed the Catholic League of German states • 1609 – Germany divided into two armed camps in anticipation of religious war • Historians break the war into 4 periods • Bohemian Phase, Danish Phase, Swedish Phase, & Franco-Swedish Phase

  4. Bohemian Phase (1618-25) • Bohemian protestant nobles named Catholic Archduke Ferdinand their king & became unhappy w/ his rule • Calvinist nobles revolted in 1618, deposed Ferdinand & named Frederick V (head of Protestant Union) their ruler • Ferdinand becomes H.R. Emperor & attacks protestants w/ aid of Maximilian of Bavaria, defeating Frederick at Battle of White Mountain in 1620 • Spain invades Frederick’s home state & drive him into exile by 1622 • Bohemia becomes hereditary land of Habsburgs, protestant nobles stripped of holdings • The Danish Phase (1625-1629) • Protestant King Christian IV of Denmark joined Protestant Union cause & enters northern Germany • 1626-27: Christian IV suffers successive defeats, ends Danish supremacy in the Baltic • 1629: Edict of Restitution – Ferdinand II prohibits Calvinist worship & orders return of all property taken by Protestant princes or cities in the last 25 years returned to the Catholic Church

  5. Swedish Phase (1630-1635) • King Gustavus Adolphus builds Sweden into a Baltic power (1611-30) • devout Lutheran, decided to aide German protestants • Adolphus swept imperial forces out of northern Germany & moved south • 1632: Sweden won at Battle of Lutzen, but Adolphus was killed • 1634: Imperial forces victorious at Nordlingen, ensured southern Germany would remain Catholic • Ferdinand made peace w/ Ger. Princes, repeals Edict of Restitution • Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648) • Religious ties lose importance as Catholic France supports Sweden against Catholic Habsburgs in Germany & Spain • 1643: French victory at Rocroi ends Spanish military greatness • France continued to win victories in southern, Imperial-controlled Germany • 5 years of negotiations ended w/ the Peace of Westphalia

  6. Peace of Westphalia (1648) • ensured that all German states were free to determine their own religion • France gained parts of western Germany, part of Alsace, & control of the cities of Mertz, Toul, & Verdun • Sweden, Bavaria, & Brandenburg gained some German territory but Austrian Habsburgs lost little land • Habsburgs did see their authority as emperor decline to the point of being a figurehead of the HRE, as each state was now essentially independent • very clear that religion and politics were now separate as the pope was totally ignored in all decisions at Westphalia

  7. Absolutism in Western Europe • absolutism – sovereign power rested in the hands of the king who claimed to rule by divine right • divine right – kings received their power directly from God & were responsible to no one except God Absolutism in France • Best example of absolute monarchy in 17th century was Louis XIV in France • Both Louis XIII (1610) & Louis XIV (1643) were boys when they took the throne • intentdants executed orders of the central govt. • As duties of intendants grew, the strength of the crown grew as well • Louis XIII’s intendant, Cardinal Richelieu, increased the taille, mortgaged the crown lands and threw France deep into debt to finance a confrontation w/ Habsburgs in Thirty Yrs. War • Richelieu died in 1642, Louis XIII died 5 months later, Louis XIV became king at the age of 4 & Cardinal Marazin became intendant

  8. Reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715) • Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661 & Louis immediately expressed determination to be a real king & sole ruler of France • his father had been a puppet & until 1661, it was assumed Louis XIV would be the same • created a grand royal court at Versailles, served several purposes • king’s personal home & center of political machinery • opulence showed his wealth & power, attracted nobility to the king’s court • kept powerful nobles in check because they were is Louis’ house not out in countryside • kept nobility busy with elaborate rules & rituals in court • specific seating order, seats, head wear, table manners, etc. Wars of Louis XIV • made war throughout his reign to increase royal power & ensure domination for the Bourbon line • 1667: invaded Spanish Netherlands & gained a few small towns • 1672-78 : invaded United Provinces, peace gave France Franche-Comte • 1689-97: War of the League of Augsburg, led to famine & depression in France • 1702-1713: War of Spanish Succession – Louis’ grandson inherits throne of Spain

  9. War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713) • Louis’ grandson Philip inherits the throne of Spain from Charles II, a coalition formed to stop the union of the thrones of Spain & France • England, United Provinces, Austrian Habsburgs, & German States • war dragged on in Europe & North American colonies for 11 years • war ended by Peace of Utrecht (1713) & Peace of Rastatt (1714) • Peace of Utrecht • assured Philip V would retain throne of Spain, Bourbon line ruled in to 20th cent. • Thrones of Spain & France would remain separate • Spanish Netherlands, Milan & Naples to Austria, Prussia gained territory • England got Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, & Hudson Bay Terr. • Louis XIV died 2 years later, seemed regretful about his reign • urged great-grandson Louis XV to make peace w/ neighbors, avoid overspending (Louis XV was 5) • Louis XV lost Canada to Great Britain in French & Indian War • French Revolution took place during reign of Louis XVI

  10. Absolutism in Central, Eastern & Northern Europe German States • 1415 – Hohenzollern family gains control of Brandenburg • 1618: received duchy of Prussia • Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-88) built a strong military to protect Brandenburg-Prussia to protect the small territory • by 1678, had professional army of 40,000 men & 50% of revenue went to military • to gain power over the Estates General, made deal w/ nobles • Frederick got complete control of the government • Nobility got total control of peasants & were exempt from taxes • Frederick III aided HRE in War of Spanish Succ. & was granted the title of King of Prussia, becoming King Frederick I Emergence of Austria • by end of 30 Yrs War, the Habsburg’s German empire was lost, but a new one was being forged • the biggest obstacle Austria faced was the re-emergence of Ottoman power in the 17th cent.

  11. Ottomans had laid siege to Vienna in 1683, the Austrians counterattacked and by 1687 had pushed them back east • Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) – gave Austria control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia & Slovenia • The Austrian Empire had become considerable size but was still never highly centralized (powerful, but would lead to future problems) • too many different national / ethnic groups • only held together by central authority figure • Habsburg emperor was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia & Hungary • each area had its own laws, legislatures, political life & military • only connected by bond of service to house of Habsburg

  12. Russia: Emergence to Power • 16th century – Ivan IV the Terrible first ruler to take title of tsar (Caesar) • expanded Russia eastward after finding the West blocked by powerful Swedish & Polish states • expanded the power of the tsar by crushing the power of the boyars • Ivan’s death began the “Time of Troubles” • ended when the Zemsky Sobor chose Michael Romanov (1613-45) as the new tsar, began Romanov Dynasty (lasted until 1917) • Muscovite society very stratified, tsar claimed divine right rule • abundance of land and shortage of peasants made serfdom appealing to land owners • merchant & peasant revolts and religious unrest in the Russian Orthodox church created very unsettled conditions in 17th century • Influenced by the Eastern (Byzantine) Roman Empire, Russia was cut of culturally from the West until well into the late 17th century • Russia had always been seen as “backwards” by western Europe and it wasn’t until the reign of Peter the Great that that concept changed

  13. Peter the Great (1689-1725) • physically huge – 6’9” ~250 lbs. • course, rude behavior, low brow humor • traveled in the west 1697-98, returned determined to westernize Russia • policy mostly about technological adaptation • very intelligent: shipbuilder, navigator, & military strategist • moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg • increased military power of Russia • introduced the conscription & bayonet • improved artillery & created a navy • introduced a central bureaucracy, brought the Church & nobility under his control • (this provided a model for communist rulers) • Supposedly died from pneumonia from saving a drowning sailor while inspecting a ship in the Baltic • Peter’s radical reforms caused a split in Russia: people who followed the czar & those who clung to the old ways • policies backfired - his forceful ways made many Russians distrust western ideas not embrace them

  14. England & the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy James I (1603-1625) • King James VI of Scotland, crowned in 1603 when Elizabeth I died • became James I of England & founded the Stuart line • alienated parliament by claiming divine right (responsible to no one except God) • refused to work w/ Parliament like Tutors & Parliament refused his requests for money • Religious policy also alienated some politicians • Puritans wanted the episcopal system of church organization eliminated (elected bishops played administrative role) • James refused because the appointed bishops were a major source of support for the crown • his son Charles I (1625-49) continued James’ conflicts w/ Puritans • 1628: Parliament passed Petition of Right – prohibited taxation w/o Parliament’s consent • conflict w/ Parliament escalated, many pushed to further limit royal power • 1641: Charles attempted to have radicals arrested, the English Civil War began

  15. English Civil War & Oliver Cromwell • Parliament created the New Model Army • composed of radical Puritans called Independents & led by Oliver Cromwell • King Charles I captured in 1646 • Army was disbanded & Charles restored as king w/ a Presbyterian state church, Charles fled & sought help of the Scots • 1648: a second civil war breaks out & Cromwell condemned the king as a traitor to England, Charles I beheaded on Jan 30, 1649 • The House of Lords declares England a republic • executive power belonged to the Lord Protector (Cromwell) • he, like the king, had problems working w/ Parliament • dissolved Parliament in 1655 & the army took control of England • resorted to military force to maintain rule (11 regions ruled by military) • Cromwell died in 1658, 18 months later the decision to reestablish the monarchy with Charles II (eldest son of Charles I) • Restored the Stuart line, but another constitutional crisis was soon to come

  16. Charles II (1660-85) entered London to the acclaim of the people Anglican church reinstated as state church brother James openly Catholic 1672 – Charles issued Declaration of Indulgence Parliament passed Test Act of 1673 – only Anglicans could hold office & military positions Parliament tried to pass a bill that would have barred James from taking the throne Created first political parties Whigs: wanted protestant king Tories: line of succession not to be tampered with James II (1685-88) Immediately attempted to further Catholic interests in England revolt subdued by fact that James was old & daughters were protestant June 6, 1688 – James II 2nd wife gives birth to a son 11 English nobles invite William of Orange (married to James’ daughter Mary) to invade England James, his wife & son fled to France Glorious Revolution – little bloodshed, William & Mary took the throne accepted Bill of Rights in 1689 greatly limited power of throne laid foundation for constitutional monarchy Restoration of the Monarchy

  17. Responses to the Revolution • Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) • Leviathan (1651) • people form a commonwealth • ruler had absolute power • people have no right to rebel • John Locke (1632 – 1704) • Two Treatises of Government • Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property • People and sovereign form a government • If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt

  18. The Baroque Period • Mannerism reflected the uncertainty & yearning for spiritual guidance that people felt during the Reformation • Mannerism was eventually replaced by the Baroque movement, which began in Italy as a result of the Counter Reformation • The Baroque style built on the High Renaissance classical ideals & the spiritual movement of the Catholic Reformation • Achievements were made in the areas of art, music, philosophy & science • Regardless of medium, Baroque artists were united by three things • commitment to strong emotional statement • psychological exploration • invention of new techniques

  19. Baroque Art Caravaggio (1573 – 1610) • despite his denial, his style shows influences from Michelangelo • explored darker aspects of life & death in some of the most dramatic pictures ever painted • lifestyle did little to recommend him to aristocratic patrons • Stabbed a man over a tennis match (1606) • Assaulted a police officer, thrown in jail, escaped (1608) • Stabbed in bar fight, later died of complications (1610) • The spirit of rebellion that governed his life can be seen in his art • did not accepting traditional, idealized versions of earlier artists (he surrounded his figures with shadows to emphasize drama) • commonly used poverty stricken or dirty figures in his paintings to make them seem more realistic

  20. Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598 – 1680) • son of a Florentine sculptor • Most famous sculptor of the period, but also accomplished painter, architect, playwright, and designer of stage sets & fireworks displays • his David seems to have been intended to invoke comparisons to similar works of Donatello & Michelangelo Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 – 1669) • premier portrait painter of Dutch realism • considered the master of the use of chiaroscuro • enrolled at Leiden University at the age of 14 • soon left school to study art under a local painter • became known as a fashionable portrait painter in 1630’s

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