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Aluminum

Aluminum. Metal of the 21 st Century. Al facts. 8.13 wt.% of the crust Weighs about 1/3 of Cu or Fe Malleable, ductile, easily cast and machined, corrosion resistant Excellent conductor of electricity. History of Discovery. Rubies and Sapphires Corundum 1809 recognized as alumina

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Aluminum

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  1. Aluminum Metal of the 21st Century

  2. Al facts • 8.13 wt.% of the crust • Weighs about 1/3 of Cu or Fe • Malleable, ductile, easily cast and machined, corrosion resistant • Excellent conductor of electricity

  3. History of Discovery • Rubies and Sapphires • Corundum • 1809 recognized as alumina • 1825 Al isolated value>>> Au • 1886 Electrolytic process developed • Charles Hall U.S. • Paul Heroult France

  4. History Con’d • 1886 Chemical process of cleaning bauxite –Karl Bayer Austria • 1947 First Al foil

  5. Uses of Al • Packaging • Transportation • Building • Electrical wires • Al compounds • Petroleum industry, refractories, grinding and polishing, synthetic jewels

  6. World Production of Al

  7. Ore Mineral of Al

  8. How is Bauxite formed? • By the weathering of Al rich minerals in the surface environment

  9. Factors that influence weathering • Weatherability of minerals • Climate

  10. Major producers of bauxite • Producers in 2007

  11. Bauxite mining in Suriname

  12. Type of Mining • OPEN Pit or STRIP • Remove top soil and store • Break up bauxite into pieces • Clay removed by combination of washing and wet screening

  13. Bauxite Reserves • 1985 21 billion ton • 1990 21.8 billion ton • 1993 23 billion ton • 2006 25 billion ton

  14. Rate of use in 2006 • 177 million tons per year • How long will the reserves last? • Answer: about 141 years

  15. From Bauxite to Al • Beneficiation—Bayer Process • Smelting

  16. Bayer Process • 1888 • From the World Al institute • http://www.world-aluminium.org/production/refining/chemistry.html

  17. Al Smelting • Hall-Heroult • Al Institute

  18. Al Producers • 2001 • 2007

  19. What do we need to make one pound of Al? • 4 # of bauxite ore • Yields • 2# of alumina • Yields • 1# of Al

  20. Environmental Problems • Red mud from Bayer process • F from electrolysis

  21. Your homework • By next Monday I would like you to come up with an estimate of how much it costs to produce a ton of Al----you will need to look up data on the web or in books in the library but for this, usually the web is better

  22. Al Recycling in the U.S.

  23. In Class Problem • 1990-2000: recycled about 1.55 million T of Al from old scrap • 2000-2006: drops to about 1.1 million • What does this save the U.S. in electricity??

  24. Data Needed • Production of 1kg of Al uses approximately 15.7 kwh of electricity • There are about 1000 kg in a metric T • The average cost for industrial electricity in the U.S. in 2006 was 6.11 cents/kwh • Takes 5% of the energy to remelt old scrap as it does to produce new Al

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