Dr William Hall Research Fellow in Energy Technology, Coventry University

1. Using International Energy Agency Data to Calculate the Environmental Impact of Connecting Maritime Ships to Shoreside Power Dr William Hall Research Fellow in Energy Technology, Coventry University

2. Introduction • Ships at berth use auxiliary diesel engines to provide electrical power • Berthed ships can require up to 11MWe (cruise ships) • Ships can be connected to shoreside power supply • referred to as ‘shoreside power’ or ‘cold-ironing’ • Effect of shoreside power on CO2 emissions not considered

3. Existing emissions • standard unit is: grams of CO2 per kilowatt hour of electricity • generally accepted that auxiliary engines (AEs) emit 690 – 722 gCO2 kWhe-1 • Cooper1,2 measured emissions from a variety of ships • mean was 718.6 gCO2 kWhe-1 Cooper, D.A., 2001. Exhaust emissions from high speed passenger ferries. Atmos. Environ. 35(24): 4189; Cooper, D.A., 2003. Exhaust emissions from ships at berth. Atmos. Environ. 37(27): 3817;

4. Shoreside power National grid Berthed ship 440 – 480 V High voltage

5. Methodology • IEA database on CO2 emissions from combustion sources • data used was for plant whose main operation is regarded as electricity generation, including combined heat and power • IEA database on electricity generation • adjusted for transmission losses

6. CO2 Reduction

7. CO2 Reduction

8. CO2 Reduction

9. CO2 Reduction

10. CO2 Reduction

11. Case study 1: Mediterranean Cruise • emissions reduced by 15.7% (38 tonnes) • emissions reduced by 21.1% (51 tonnes) if Greece exempt

12. Case study 2: Baltic cruise • Emissions reduced by 28.5% (104 tonnes) • Emission reduced by 41% (150 tonnes) if Russia and Estonia exempt

13. Case study 3: Caribbean cruise • emissions reduced by 43.8% (90.4 tonnes) • emissions reduced by 46.3% (95 tonnes) if Jamaica exempt

14. Effect of fuel type

15. Conclusions • Shoreside power can deliver significant CO2 savings • Not suitable for all Nations (notably China) • Countries with high renewable or nuclear mix will benefit the most • Consideration must be made about Countries ability to deliver necessary power (particularly in developing world)