Photosynthesis Notes

1. PhotosynthesisNotes Objective 1: Describe the process and importance of photosynthesis. (Importance, Reactants, Products, Location Objective 2: Write a balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

2. Photosynthesis Notes • Photosynthesis: process by which producers convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose (food). • Importance: converts light energy into stored energy usinginorganic materials

3. Photosynthesis • Reactants: • carbon dioxide – 6CO2 • water – 6H2O • Products: • glucose – C6H12O6 • oxygen – 6O2

4. Photosynthesis Location: in the chloroplasts

5. Photosynthesis Other Things Necessary: • Chlorophyll: the light-capturing pigment found in the chloroplast that absorbs all wavelengths (colors) of light except green. • Sunlight: autotrophs need light energy (sunlight) to transform reactants into products. • Enzymes: enzymes are needed to catalyze the reaction.

6. Photosynthesis Equation Balanced Equation:

7. Summary of Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll and other pigments located in the chloroplasts absorb the sun’s energy, which stimulates carbon dioxide and water to react and form glucose and oxygen. • The energy is stored in the bonds of the glucose. Organisms must break these bonds (do cellular respiration) to get the energy.

8. Autumnal Colors

9. Why Colors? • Chlorophyll breaks down quicker (because of less water) than other pigments. • Different trees have different amounts of each pigment, creating different colors. • Variety of colors is caused by differing amounts of water and types of trees.

10. Cellular Respiration Notes Objective 4: Describe the process and importance of cellular respiration. (Importance, Reactants, Products, Location) Objective 5: Write a balanced equation for cellular respiration.

11. Cellular Respiration Process & Importance • Cellular Respiration: process by which food energy (glucose) is broken down to form usable energy (ATP). • Importance: Converts energy to a form that is directly usable by our cells (ATP)!

12. Cellular Respiration Reactants & Products Reactants: • glucose – C6H12O6 • oxygen – 6O2 Products: • carbon dioxide – 6CO2 • water – 6H2O • ATP (usable chemical energy) • heat energy

13. Animal Cells Animal Mitochondrion Plant Plant Cells Cellular Respiration • Location: in the mitochondria

14. Cellular Respiration Balanced Equation glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP + heat Note: This overall reaction is similar to the burning of fossil fuels or the burning of the M&M in the test tube…

15. EXCEPT there are 2 BIG DIFFERENCES: • Although it’s a rapid process, glucose is broken down in our mitochondria in a series of steps (taken apart piece by piece.) Each step is dictated by a specific enzyme. • When energy is released, it is “repackaged” into 36 ATP molecules (chemical energy) that temporarily store the energy and carry it to where it is need in the cell.

16. M&M Demo A Model for Cellular Respiration

17. Think About This • Our blood is in charge of moving nutrients – proteins, carbohydrates, water, vitamins, fats, etc. • Which of these are important for energy? • Carbohydrates • What kind of carbohydrate have we been dealing with recently? • glucose

18. Remember • Cellular Respiration – the process of converting food energy into usable energy for cells • Digest food, transport food, then cells do cellular respiration • Plants & Animals primary source of energy = carbs (glucose)

19. Take glucose, add oxygen. • In the mitochondria, use enzymes • To make energy and some waste products (carbon dioxide & water)

20. Think About This • Is glucose a good fuel for our body? • What kind of fuels do we use in everyday life? • Gas • Propane • Coal • Oil • wood

21. Check This Out • Burning Methane

22. Let’s Compare Combustion with Cellular Respiration • Differences = amounts of products & reactants; type of fuel

23. Watch the M&M Burn… • What happened when we burned the M&M? • Is glucose a good fuel? • Burning glucose in our cells is a little different • Liquid environment • Direct access to oxygen

24. Let’s Try That • Let’s add the M&M to melted potassium chlorate • Then, we have a liquid environment & pure oxygen

25. Watch the M&M burn in the potassium chlorate… • What happened to the M&M in the liquid environment? • Is glucose a good fuel?

26. Analysis of the Demonstration (Write this Down) • Why did the M&M burn so much more in the melted salt? • Liquid environment • Pure oxygen present • Do we get that much energy in our mitochondria? • Yes! We utilize the energy more efficiently

27. Analysis Continued • What are the differences between how we burn glucose in our mitochondria and how glucose burned in the test tube? • Forms in which energy is released • Test tube: heat & light energy • Mitochondria: heat & usable chemical energy (ATP)

28. Continued • How the energy is released • Test tube: glucose bonds are essentially broken at once • Mitochondria: breaks glucose piece by piece (controlled by enzymes) • Efficiency of process • Test tube: energy is lost – inefficient • Mitochondria: energy is trapped -- efficient

29. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Objective 7: Describe how the ATP molecule is used to store energy. (phosphate bonds, ATP – ADP cycle)

30. ATP • ATP (adenosine triphosphate): molecule that temporarily stores energy released from glucose and carries it to other parts of the cell. • Has 3 bonds that store energy • When a phosphate bond is broken, energy is released • When a phosphate bond is made, energy is stored

31. Chemical Energy and ATP • ATP consists of: • adenine • ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) • 3 phosphate groups Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups ATP

32. Chemical Energy andATP • Storing Energy • ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. • A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. ATP ADP + Energy Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Energy Fullycharged battery Partiallycharged battery

33. ATP – ADP Cycle

34. Energy Uses Objective 6: Provide three examples of how energy is used in living things.

35. Energy is used by the cell to do work: • Movement: flagella, cilia, muscle contraction • Active transport: move molecules across cell membrane • Building up and breaking down large molecules **All organisms (heterotrophs and autotrophs) do cellular respiration!!**

36. Aerobic v. Anaerobic Respiration Notes

37. Two Types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration • Location: occurs in mitochondria • Oxygen requirement: oxygen is required • Amount of usable energy converted: 36 ATP for each molecule of glucose • Process: glucose is broken down through a series of steps, piece by piece, so that a large portion of its stored energy can be utilized by the cell. This is the most efficient way to break down glucose. • Waste products: water, carbon dioxide, and heat

38. Two Types of Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration • Occurs in fully anaerobic organisms (never use oxygen) • Occurs in aerobic organisms (i.e. humans) for short periods of time • Location: occurs in cytoplasm • Oxygen requirement: oxygen isnot required • Amount of usable energy converted: 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose

39. Anaerobic Respiration Two major types: • Alcoholic Anaerobic Respiration: • Occurs in yeast • Waste products: alcohol and carbon dioxide • Lactic Acid Anaerobic Respiration: • Occurs in animals, when no oxygen is present (when oxygen cannot get to muscles quickly enough) • Waste products: lactic acid and carbon dioxide

40. Comparing Cellular Respiration to Photosynthesis