CHAPTER 2: THE NATURE OF LEARNER LANGUAGE (Ellis (1997): 15-30)

1. CHAPTER 2: THE NATURE OF LEARNER LANGUAGE (Ellis (1997): 15-30) By Arina Yuliarti (2201410131)

2. Error and Error Analysis • Identifying Errors 1. Compare the sentences learners produce with correct sentences in the TL A man and a little boy was watching him (false) A man and a little boy werewatching him (correct)

3. 2. Distinguish errors and mistakes Error: gaps in learners` knowledge (They do not know what is correct) Mistake: occational lapses in performance (learners unable to perform what he or she knows)

4. Discribing Errors 1. Classify errors into grammatical sructure Ex: Errors in the past tense teach teached (taught) 2. Identify general ways in which the learners` utterances differ from the reconstructed TL utterances Ex: Omission, misinformation, and misordering

5. Explaining Errors 1. Errors are systematic and predictable 2. Errors are universal Ex: omission errors, overgeneralization errors, transfer errors

6. Error Evaluation 1. Global errors (violate the overall structure of a sentence) 2. Local errors (affect only a single constituent in a sentence) Teachers have to be able to evaluate their students in these kind of errors.

7. Development Pattern • The Early stage of L2 Acquistion 1. A silent period 2. Begin-to-speak period, which has two characteristics: a. formulaic chunk b. propotional simplification

8. 3. Begin-to-learn-grammar period: A. Acqusition order B. Sequence of scqusition

9. A. The Order of Acquisition Identifying an accuracy order Definite accuracy order (based on the same irrespective of the learners` mother tongues, their age, whether or not they recieved formal language instruction) Is L2 acquisition result of inveronmental factors of internal factors related to acquiring grammatical structure? Researchers: the order does vary somewhat according to the learners` FL.

10. B. Sequence of Acquisiton Acquisition of grammatical structure must be seen as a process including transitional constructions. Acquisition follows U-shaped course of development.

11. Some Implications L2 acquisition is systematic and universal. Some languistic features (particularly grammatical ones) are inherently easier to learn than others. Learners naturally learn one feature before another they must necessarily do so. Sequence of acquisition can be altered through formal instruction.

12. Variability in Learner Language Learners vary in their use of L2 according to: • Linguistic context • Situational context • Psycholinguistic context

13. Form-Function Mapping Variability in learner language is not random. It is determined by linguistics context, situational context, and availability of planing time. This systematicity reflects a variable system of form-function mappings

14. Free variation Some variability is free. Learners sometimes use two or more forms. Ex:No look my card Don`t look my card (two negative utterances in close proximity)

15. It is possible for learners to be at different stagesin sequence for different grammatical features. Ex: a learner may be at the completion stage of past tense, but in free variation stage for articles a and the.

16. THANK YOU ^_^