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CO 2 geological storage Methodologies, capacity and options

CO 2 geological storage Methodologies, capacity and options. Dr Yves-Michel Le Nindre - BRGM. Storage is the necessary complement to other mitigation efforts, but…. If technological solutions exist for capture and transport, storage is facing to the geological uncertainty

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CO 2 geological storage Methodologies, capacity and options

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  1. CO2 geological storage Methodologies, capacity and options Dr Yves-Michel Le Nindre - BRGM CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  2. Storage is the necessary complement to other mitigation efforts, but… • If technological solutions exist for capture and transport, storage is facing to the geological uncertainty • Solutions and performances vary • And industrial constraints differ CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  3. A number of projects have proved the feasibility of geological storage EU & world class projects StraCO2 National projects Example from BRGM involvement CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  4. Conditions of storage must guarantee efficiency and safety for centuries • Understanding phenomena • Selection of proper sites • Predictive modelling • Monitoring, Measure and Verification • Risk assessment and mitigation • Regulations and standards CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  5. From regional exploration to industrial storage The type of storage: EOR, aquifer, coal seam, must match the CO2 flux from the emission source CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  6. General workflow CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  7. Industrial Academic Sources inventory 150 Km Sinks description 100 Km Classical, from regional inventories to selection Pre-screening, given a selected plant and radius, Two philosophies of sink and sources matching CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  8. WP 1.1 inventory of major CO2 emissions points for all countries WP 2 Geocapacity in aquifers, geothermal and other reservoirs WP 3 Geocapacity in HC fields and ECBM WP 1.1 Input routes and barriers WP 1.1 Input gas storage, HC & coal fields, case studies First step - Mappingmajor CO2 emission pointsand storage opportunities (EU GeoCapacity project) WP 1.2 GIS mapping of new inputs and of existing data WP 1.3 EU maps of emission and geological storage CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  9. Example of extensive aquifer in northern Europe Extent and facies of the Permian Rotliegend from UK to Polish Basin Neighbouring major CO2 emitters Eolian Lacustrine Fluvial Storage in aquifers: Permian Rotliegend(EU GESTCO project) CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  10. Storage in HC fields and coal seams Geocapacity in hydrocarbon structures and EOR potential Geocapacity in coal beds and ECBM potential CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  11. Capacity calculations • Raw calculation of reservoir capacity: • area * mean thickness * mean porosity * CO2 density @reservoir conditions • Use geological model: • Define reservoir geometry • Map spatial distribution of properties (K, φ) • Apply calculation to each mesh/block and integrate spatially • Capacity of HC fields: • Vol. OOIP (or gas) * FVF (Formation volume factor) * CO2 density @reservoir conditions • Field is considered as depleted CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  12. Generic modellingexercise Φmax 32% • Assuming a reservoir with variable properties • Example of cut off on porosity • Porosity >16% CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  13. Towards a more realistic capacity:applying coefficients • Applying cut off on porosity AND permeability focus on the most promising volume • Storage efficiency % • Used space / available space • Limitations by depth, traps, permeability, injectivity etc. • Sweep efficiency % • Sweep water to replace it by CO2: depends on K, vol, and boundary conditions, water and sediment compressibility, CO2 dissolution • Sweep HC towards production well to replace it by CO2 CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  14. Capacity (tm) = A.D.φ.hst.ρCO2 Capacity estimation - confidence in storage capacity • The practical storage capacity estimate decreases with the number of data and the degree of knowledge. CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  15. Second step: site selection Capacity (tm) = A.D.φ.hst.ρCO2 Site selection criteria Injectivity (kg/s/b) = Q/ΔP No use conflict Depth (>800m, max) Capacity (min) Injectivity Lithology Onshore/offshore Trap ? Seal integrity Distance/barriers from source Sites selection CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  16. Critical temperature 31 °C Critical pressure 73,83 bar Average temp. gradient : 25°C / km Average hydrostatic pressure gradient : 100 bar / km Average depth for CO2 supercritical state ~ 800 m Depth constraint CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  17. Injectivity is the mass of supercritical CO2 injected by unit of time for a defined pressure increase It depends on the permeability (K) and of the volume of the reservoir Therefore the injection rate depends on the maximum pressure allowed to keep the reservoir and seal integrity (e.g. 20 bars) and of the pressure build up when injecting Reservoir simulations enable to estimate these boundary conditions. Injectivity is a limiting factor Injectivity (kg/s/b) = Q/ΔP • Lower injectivity values need additional injection wells and cost CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  18. Injection and reaction simulation…after 1000 years …dissolution is the main process Concentration of supercritical CO2 in the reservoir Injection point Amount of dissolved CO2 in the water (mass fraction) Note that brine with dissolved CO2 migrates downward as it is approximately 10 kg/m3 denser than brine without CO2. Audigane et al., 2006 CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  19. Sleipner case: ideal but not usual • In Sleipner, Statoil injects CO2 since 1996 in a veryhigh porosity, high permeabilityextensive sandy aquifer. • It is not obvious to find a ”second Sleipner” near major steel plants CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  20. Spatial analyse – Source sink matching • Select source(s), sink(s) • superposition of data (main emitters, capacity of storage, geology, fault, urban area, …) • Calculate the optimal transport route and distance between sources and sinks • Distance & cost • Build a network of pipeline ? • Land use : going through an urban area or a national park, crossing a big river… • Obtain a GIS-based calculation tool with an economic evaluation CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  21. Site selection t0 ~ t0 + 1 yr Site characterisation ~ t0 + 3 yrs Storage design & construction ~ t0 + 5 yrs Injection operations ~ t0 + 40 yrs Site closure ~ t0 + 45 yrs Post-closure … Time Main steps of a storage project Knowledge of the site - Confidence in the long-term evolution CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  22. Options, concerns and economy • Options • Producing CH4 (…and store CO2) > ECBM • Producing incremental HC (and store ~1MT/y CO2) > EOR, EGR • Store large amounts / flux of CO2 (~5-10Mt/y) > aquifers • Concerns • ECBM > Stacking pattern, petrography and properties of coal seams, low capacity, needs upstream research & field experiment • EOR > Constraints of flux and volume related to HC production • Aquifers > poor geological knowledge compared to HC fields, injectivity ? • All > routes • Economy • ECBM and EOR > Direct valorisation of CO2 cost by HC • Aquifers > Avoiding CO2atm and taxes, needed by high flux plants, can be combined with HC production (various scenarios) CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  23. Some constraints… Conflicts of use permitting Reservoir properties Costs Seal properties Geological knowledge Depth CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

  24. Thank you for your attention ! • Keep in mind this diagram ! CCS in Power Sector in India, January 22nd – 23rd, 2008 – Delhi

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