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The Cell: Structures & Functions - Understanding Cell Theory

Discover the intricacies of cells in the biological world, from their origins to functions within living organisms. Explore examples through magnified images and learn about different cell types, organelles, and their unique roles in plant and animal cells.

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The Cell: Structures & Functions - Understanding Cell Theory

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  1. The Cell AG BIO - McKee Structures & Functions

  2. What is “Cell Theory”? • The idea that all living things are made up of cells.

  3. What’s so special about cells? • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. Yeast Cells

  4. Where do cells come from? • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Bean Cells in Mitosis

  5. Definition of the Cell • A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

  6. Would you like to see some examples? Even if you don’t, too bad.

  7. Remember… • These are magnified images taken with microscopes • Some cells have been stained with color so you can see them better.

  8. Nerve Cell

  9. Bacteria Cell

  10. Tree cells from the stomach of a possum.

  11. Brain Cell

  12. Cornstalk Cells

  13. Mammalian Tissue • Smooth muscle are structurally the simplest muscle cells • Provide contractile forces for most internal organs • Controls flow of blood through vessels and moves food through digestive tract.

  14. Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  15. Prokaryotic • One-celled organisms • Example: Bacteria • Few internal structures surrounded by membranes Cells Dividing: Bacteria from a Taxi Cab

  16. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Humans & Animals

  17. “Typical” Animal Cell

  18. “Typical” Plant Cell

  19. Organelles • Means “little organ” • Each organelle has a specific job to help the cell • Most cells have the same organelles • Plants have some additional ones that animal cells do not

  20. Cell Parts and Functions Nucleus • Plant & animal cells • Large & oval • Control center • Location: • Inside the cell, • Near the center

  21. Cell Parts and Functions Cell Membrane Plant & animal cells Protects the cell Lets things in and out of the cell Location: around the cell

  22. Cell Parts and Functions Cell Wall Plant, not animal cells Outer layer, rigid, strong, stiff Made of cellulose

  23. Mitochondria • Plant & animal • Bean shaped with inner membranes • Makes energy/powerhouse • Breaks down sugar into energy • Location: In Cytoplasm

  24. Mitochondria

  25. Cell Structure & Function Vacuole Plant = few/large Animal = small Fluid filled sacs Stores food, water & waste Location: In cytoplasm

  26. Vacuole

  27. What does a vacuole remind you of?

  28. Cell Parts and Functions Cytoplasm • Plant & Animal • Clear, thick, jellylike • Holds all organelles in cell • Location: in cell

  29. Cell Structures and Functions Chloroplast Only in plant cells Contains chlorophyll Makes plants green Traps light energy from the sun Light Energy = Chemical Energy (Where photosynthesis occurs) Chemical Energy = Food for the Plant

  30. Cell Parts and Functions Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) • Plant & animal cells • Network of tubes and membranes • Transports materials and sends messages to all parts of the cell • Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes) • Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear membrane

  31. Rough E.R.

  32. Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus • Located in Plant & Animal Cells • Packages and secretes • Gets rid of waste • Location: in cytoplasm

  33. What does a Golgi Body remind you of?

  34. GOLGI APPARATUS

  35. Cell Parts and Functions Lysosome Plant & Animal Cells Contains digestive enzymes Destroys bacteria, old cell parts… Location: in cytoplasm

  36. Cell Parts and Functions Nucleolus (Nucleoli) Plant & animal cells Makes ribosomes Location: inside the nucleus (dark spot) Nuclear Membrane Plant & animal cells Protects around nucleus Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores) Selectively permeable cell

  37. Cell Parts and Functions Ribosome • Plant & Animal Cells • Makes proteins • Small circular shape • Location: • In Cytoplasm or • Attached to E.R.

  38. Cell Parts and Functions Chromatin/Chromosomes • In Plant & Animal Cells • Contains genetic information/traits • Location: In nucleus

  39. Cell Parts and Functions Cilia Most Plant, Animal & Bacteria Cells Short hair-like projections Used for movement Location: outside of cell Flagella Most Plant, Animal & Bacteria Cells Long whip-like tail Used for movement Location: outside of cell

  40. What’s that?

  41. ?

  42. Can you name these plant cell parts? A. B. C.

  43. Cell Membrane Rough E.R. Mitochondria Ribosome's Cytoskeleton or Microfilaments Can you name these animal cell parts? #1 #2 #5 #3 #4

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